Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques 7th Edition (Volume 1)

i - 0
i. - Front Matter
	SCHMIDEK & SWEET Operative Neurosurgical Techniques: Indications, Methods, and Results
ii. - Copyright
	Copyright
iii. - Dedication
	DEDICATION
ix - Section Editors
	SECTION EDITORS
v - In Memoriam
	IN MEMORIAM
vii. - About The Author_Editor
	ABOUT THE AUTHOR/EDITOR
viii. - Video and Content Associate Editor
	VIDEO AND CONTENT ASSOCIATE EDITOR
xi - Contributors
	CONTRIBUTORS
Xl - Content
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xlvii - Video Contents
	VIDEO CONTENTS
xxxix. - Preface
	PREFACE
1 - Chapter 1 - Ensuring Patient Safety in Surgery_ First Do No Harm and Applying a Systems-Engineering Approach
	1 - Ensuring Patient Safety in Surgery: First Do No Harm and Applying a Systems-­Engineering Approach
	Ensuring Patient Safety in Surgery: First Do No Harm and Applying a Systems-­Engineering Approach
		A Human Factors Approach to Improving Patient Safety
			Illustrating Systems Improvement Over Time: Wrong-­Sided Brain Surgery
				Patient Factors Associated With Wrong-­Site Surgery
					Patient Condition (Medical Factors That If Not Known Increase the Risk for Complications)
					Communication (Factors That Undermine the Patient’s Ability to Be a Source of Information Regarding Conditions That Increase the...
					Availability and Accuracy of Test Results (Factors That Undermine Awareness of Conditions That Increase the Risk for Complicatio...
				Task Factors Associated With Wrong-­Site Surgery
					Task Design and Clarity of Structure (Consider This to Be an Issue When Work Is Being Performed in a Manner That Is Inefficient ...
					Availability and Use of Protocols: If Standard Protocols Exist, Are They Well Accepted and Are They Being Used Consistently
					Knowledge, Skills, and Rules (Individual Deviation From Standard of Care Due to Lack of Knowledge, Poor Skills, or a Failure to ...
				Attention and Factors That Undermine Attention
					Strategy (Given Many Alternatives, Was the Strategy Optimized to Minimize Risks Through Preventive Measures and Through Recovery...
					Motivation/Attitude (Motivational Failures and Poor Attitudes Can Undermine Individual Performance—the Psychology of Motivation ...
					Physical/Mental Health (Provider Performance Deviations From Standard “Competencies” Can Be Due to Physical or Mental Illness)
				Team Factors Associated With Wrong-­Site Surgery
					Verbal/Written Communication (Any Communication Mode That When It Fails Leads to a Degradation in Team Performance)
					Supervision/Seeking Help (Any Member of the Team Who Fails to Mobilize Help When Getting Into a Work Overload Situation, or a Te...
					Team Structure and Leadership (Teams That Do Not Have Structure, Role Delineation, and Clarity, and Methods for Flattening Hiera...
				Working Conditions Associated With Wrong-­Site Surgery
					Staffing Levels, Skills Mix, and Workload (Managers Facing Financial Pressures, a Nursing Shortage, and Increasing Patient Acuit...
					Availability and Maintenance of Equipment (Technology and Tools Vary in Their Safety Features and Usability: Equipment Must Be M...
					Administrative and Managerial Support (In Complex Work Settings, Domain Experts That Perform the Work Need to Be Supported by Pe...
				Organizational Factors Associated With Wrong-­Site Surgery
					Financial Resources (Safety Is Not Free; the Costs Associated with Establishing Safe Practices and Acquiring Safety Technology M...
					Goals and Policy Standards (Practice of Front-­line Workers Is Shaped by Clear Goals and Consistent Policies That Are Clinically...
					Safety Culture and Priorities (A Safety Culture of an Organization May Be Pathologic, Reactive, Proactive, or Generative)
					Economic, Regulatory Issues, Health Policy, and Politics
					Summary of Contributory Factor Analysis
			Perspective
			Summary
		Key References
		References
14 - Chapter 2 - Surgical Navigation With Intraoperative Imaging_ Special Operating Room Concepts
	2 - Surgical Navigation With Intraoperative Imaging: Special Operating Room Concepts
		Introduction
			Computer-­Assisted Image-­Guided Neuronavigation
			Intraoperative Imaging
				Intraoperative Fluoroscopy
				Intraoperative Ultrasound
				Intraoperative Computed Tomography
				Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			Magnetic Resonance Safety and Compatibility, Shielding
			Magnetic Resonance Design (“Open-Bore” and “Closed-Bore” Systems) and Field Strength
			Imaging Selection
			Integration of Intraoperative Navigation and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			Operating Room-­Magnetic Resonance integrations
			Dedicated Operating Room-­Magnetic Resonance Environment
			Dedicated Low-­Field System
			Dedicated High-­Field System
			Shared Resources and Multimodal Imaging Operating Room Concepts
				Intraoperative Optical Imaging
				Robots and Intraoperative Imaging
			Summary
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
25 - CHAPTER 3 - Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Functional Tractography
	3 - Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Functional Tractography
	Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Functional Tractography
		Rationale for Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Surgical Neuro-­oncology
			Preoperative Use
			Intraoperative Use
			Postoperative Use
			Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Other Contexts
			Limitations of Diffusion Tensor Imaging
			Future Directions
		References
34 - Chapter 4 - Intraoperative Neurophysiology_ A Tool to Prevent and_or Document Intraoperative Injury to the Nervous System
	4 - Intraoperative Neurophysiology: A Tool to Prevent and/or Document Intraoperative Injury to the Nervous System
		Supratentorial Surgery
			Somatosensory-­Evoked Potential Phase-­Reversal Technique
				Direct Cortical Stimulation (60-­Hz Penfield Technique)
				Direct Cortical Stimulation and Motor-­Evoked Potential Monitoring (Short Train Of Stimuli Technique)
				Warning Criteria and Correlation With Postoperative Outcome
			Subcortical Stimulation
			Brain Stem Surgery
				Mapping Techniques
				Mapping of the Corticospinal Tract at the Level of the Cerebral Peduncle
				Mapping of Motor Nuclei of Cranial Nerves on the Floor of the Fourth Ventricle
				Monitoring Techniques
					Monitoring of Corticobulbar (Corticonuclear) Pathways
			Spinal and Spinal Cord Surgery
				Neurophysiologic Monitoring of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Surgeries With Motor-­Evoked Potentials
				Mapping of the Corticospinal Tract Within the Surgically Exposed Spinal Cord
				Mapping of the Dorsal Columns of the Spinal Cord
				Neurophysiologic Monitoring During Spinal Endovascular Procedures
			Surgery of the Lumbosacral Nervous System
				Pudendal Dorsal Root Action Potentials
				Mapping And Monitoring of Motor Responses From the Anal Sphincter
				Monitoring of the Bulbocavernosus Reflex
					Special Consideration for Intraoperative Neurophysiology in Children
		Key References
		References
50 - Chapter 5 - Cortical and Subcortical Brain Mapping
	5 - Cortical and Subcortical Brain Mapping
64 - Chapter 6 - Chemotherapy for Brain Tumors
	6 - Chemotherapy for Brain Tumors
		Factors Influencing the Delivery of Chemotherapy to the Brain
			Blood-­Brain Barrier
				Role of Steroids
			Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Strategies to Overcome Resistance
				Efflux Transporters
				DNA Repair Enzymes
			Strategies to Improve Drug Delivery to Treat Brain Tumors
				Intra-­Arterial Chemotherapy
				Intra-­Cerebrospinal Fluid Chemotherapy
				Manipulating the Permeability of the Blood-­Brain Barrier or Methods to Cause Blood-­Brain Barrier Disruption
				Wafers/Implantable Polymers
				Convection-­Enhanced Delivery
			Chemotherapy for Various Central Nervous System Tumors
				Low-­Grade Gliomas
					Radiation Therapy
					Chemotherapy
				Malignant Glioma
					Radiation Therapy
						WHO Grade III: Anaplastic Astrocytoma
						Historically, most patients with AA received radiation alone at diagnosis, and chemotherapy was reserved for recurrent disease. ...
						WHO Grade III: Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
						Oligodendrogliomas are considered chemosensitive.57 The RTOG 9402 clinical trial was a phase III American trial that included 29...
					Radiation
					Chemotherapy
						Progression Versus Pseudoprogression
						Despite advances in therapeutics, most patients with GBM develop tumor recurrence after the aforementioned therapy. Recurrence i...
					Molecularly Targeted Therapy
			Immunotherapies
				Elderly Patients
					Chemotherapy
					Adjuvant Chemotherapy Versus Adjuvant Radiation Therapy
					Recurrent Anaplastic Astrocytoma
				Oligodendroglial Tumors
				Medulloblastoma
					Recurrent Disease
				Meningiomas
				Brain Metastasis
				Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
				Small Cell Lung Cancer
				Breast Cancer
				Melanoma
				Immunotherapy for Brain Metastases
				Leptomeningeal Metastasis
					Radiation Therapy
					Intrathecal Chemotherapy
		References
76 - Chapter 7 - Current Surgical Management of High-Grade Gliomas_ New and Recurrent
	7 - Current Surgical Management of High-­Grade Gliomas: New and Recurrent
85 - Chapter 8 - Low(er) Grade Gliomas_ Surgical Treatment
	8 - Low(er) Grade Gliomas: Surgical Treatment
98 - Chapter 9 - Management of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
	9 - Management of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
		Management of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in Immunocompetent Patients
			Presentation
				Diagnosis and Prognosis
				Induction Therapy
				Induction in Elderly Patients
				Response Assessment
				Consolidation Treatment
				Relapsed/Refractory Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
		Key References
		References
104 - Chapter 10 - Cerebellar Tumors in Adults
	10 - Cerebellar Tumors in Adults
		Clinical Presentation
			Imaging
				Hemangioblastomas
					Clinical Features
					Biology
					Treatment
					Case Report: Hemangioblastoma
					Clinical Features
					Biology
					Treatment
					Clinical Features
					Biology
					Treatment
					Clinical Features
					Biology
					Treatment
					Case Report: Medulloblastoma
					Clinical Features
					Biology
					Treatment
					Case Report: Llermitte-­Duclos
					Clinical Features
					Biology
					Treatment
					Clinical Features
					Treatment
				Positioning
				Perioperative Considerations
				Suboccipital Craniotomy
			Other Surgical Approaches to the Posterior Fossa
			Complications
		References
114 - Chapter 11 - Surgical Management of Cerebral Metastases
	11 - Surgical Management of Cerebral Metastases
		Magnitude of the Problem
			Treatment Goals: Advantages of Surgical Resection
			Patient Selection
				Radiographic Assessment
				Number of Lesions
				Single and Solitary Brain Metastasis
				Multiple Brain Metastases
				Location
				Lesion Size
				Clinical Assessment
				Histologic Assessment
			Surgical Technique
				Surgical Anatomy
				Resection Methods
				Positioning
				Exposure and Operative Approach
				Lesion Extirpation
				Technical Issues in Resecting Multiple Metastases
				Surgical Adjuncts
				Ultrasound
				Stereotaxis
				Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Functional Mapping
				Surgical Mortality
				Surgical Morbidity
				Recurrence
				Survival
			Stereotactic Radiosurgery
			Whole-­Brain Radiation Therapy
				Strategies for Adjuvant Radiotherapy: Whole-­Brain Radiation Therapy or Radiosurgery
				Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy
				Emerging Therapies
		Key References
		References
131 - Chapter 12 - Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Sellar, Parasellar, and Suprasellar Surgery
	12 - Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Sellar, Parasellar, and Suprasellar Surgery
		Surgical Anatomy
			Preoperative Considerations
			Surgical Indications
	Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Sellar, Parasellar, and Suprasellar Surgery
		Endonasal Versus Craniotomy
			Surgical Procedures
				Mononostril Technique
					Vasoconstriction
						Turbinates
						Sphenoid Os
					Posterior Septectomy
					Removal of Sphenoid Rostrum (Keel)
				Troubleshooting
				Nasoseptal Flap
				Approaching the Sellar and Suprasellar Region
				Extended Exposure for Parasellar Lesions
				Sellar Reconstruction
				Nasoseptal Flap
				Lumbar Drain
				Csf Leak
				Scuba Diving
				Positive Airway Pressure
			Complications and Avoidance
				ICA Injury
				Endocrine
				Optic Nerve
			Outcomes
				Surgical Outcomes for Residual and Recurrent Pituitary Tumors
				Surgical Outcomes for Pituitary Tumors With Cavernous Sinus Invasion
				Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Pituitary Adenomas
				Endoscopic Versus Microscopic Approach
		References
140 - Chapter 13 - Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Lateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions
	13 - Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Lateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions
		Introduction
			Anatomy
			Surgical Indications
			Equipment and Preoperative Planning
			Positioning and Preparation
			Approach
			Intradural Access
			Closure
			Postoperative Care
			Clinical Example
			Surgical Outcomes
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
148 - Chapter 14 - Medical Management of Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors
	14 - Medical Management of Hormone-­Secreting Pituitary Tumors
		Introduction
			Prolactin-­Secreting Pituitary Tumors (Prolactinomas)
				General Considerations
				Dopamine Agonists
					Pharmacologic Aspects
					Therapeutic Efficacy
					Tolerability and Side Effects
					Dopamine Agonists and Valvular Heart Disease
					Dopamine Agonist Resistance
					Dopamine Agonist Withdrawal
					Surgery as a First-­Line Option in Microprolactinomas
				Temozolomide
				Management of Prolactinomas During Pregnancy
			Growth Hormone-­Secreting Pituitary Tumors (Acromegaly)
				General Considerations
					Pharmacologic Aspects
					Therapeutic Efficacy
					Primary Versus Secondary Therapy
					Tolerability and Side Effects
				Dopamine Agonists
					Pharmacological Aspects
					Therapeutic Efficacy
					Tolerability and Side Effects
				Factors Affecting the Response to Treatment
				Management of Acromegaly During Pregnancy
			Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-­Secreting Pituitary Tumors (Cushing Disease)
				General Considerations
				Management of Persistent and Recurrent Cushing Disease
					Pasireotide
					Cabergoline
					Ketoconazole
					Metyrapone
					Osilodrostat
					Mitotane
					Etomidate
				Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist (Mifepristone)
				Management of Cushing Syndrome During Pregnancy
			Thyroid-­Stimulating Hormone-­Secreting Pituitary Tumors
		Key References
		References
164 - Chapter 15 - Endoscopic Endonasal Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery
	15 - Endoscopic Endonasal Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery
		Preoperative Management and Surgical Indications
			Pertinent Sinonasal Anatomy
			Optical Advantages of an Endoscope
			Surgical Equipment
				Positioning and Preparation
				Surgical Approaches
				Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery
				Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Anterior Cranial Fossa
				Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Optic Nerve or Cavernous Sinus
				Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Pterygoid Fossa or Petrous Apex(Ee-­Pterygoid or Ee-­Petrous)
				Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Clivus or Posterior Fossa
				Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Craniocervical Junction
				Postoperative Management
			Surgical Results
			Potential Complications
			Pros and Cons of the Endoscopic Endonasal Technique
			Conclusions
		References
182 - Chapter 16 - Transcranial Surgery for Pituitary Macroadenomas
	16 - Transcranial Surgery for Pituitary Macroadenomas
		Introduction and Epidemiology
			Specific Indications
				Failed Transsphenoidal Surgery
				Para/Extrasellar Extension
				Other
			Diagnosis and Workup
			Aims of Surgery
			Pterional
				Technique
			Orbito-­Zygomatic Craniotomy
				Technique
			Bifrontal/Extended-­Bifrontal
				Technique
			Supra-­Orbital (Keyhole)
			Combined Approaches
				Frontal Lobe Damage
				Vascular Injury
				Anosmia
				Perioperative Optic Nerve Damage
				Hypopituitarism, Including Diabetes Insipidus
				Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
				Postoperative Visual Deterioration
		Key References
		References
194 - Chapter 17 - The Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngiomas
	17 - The Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngiomas
		Technical Nuances in Craniopharyngioma Surgery
			Exposure
				Resection
				Reconstruction
			Surgical Considerations Based on Craniopharyngioma Type
				Discussion
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
203 - Chapter 18 - Minimally Invasive Surgeries for Deep-Seated Brain Lesions
	18 - Minimally Invasive Surgeries for Deep-­Seated Brain Lesions
		Concept of Tubular Retractors and Necessary Surgical Adjuncts
	Minimally Invasive Surgeries for Deep-­Seated Brain Lesions
		Different Types of Tubular Retractors
			Indications for Tubular Retractors
				General Treatment Protocol
				Complication Avoidance
			Conclusions
		References
209 - Chapter 19 - Surgical Approaches to Lateral and Third Ventricular Tumors
	19 - Surgical Approaches to Lateral and Third Ventricular Tumors
	Surgical Approaches to Lateral and Third Ventricular Tumors
		Anterior Transcallosal Approach
			Anterior Transsulcal Approach
				Combined Approaches
				Posterior Transsulcal Approach
				Posterior Transcallosal Approach
				Posterior Temporal Approach
				Inferior Temporal Approach
				Surgical Anatomy
					The Anterior Third Ventricle
						Transforaminal and Interforniceal Approaches
						The transcallosal and transsulcal approaches to the third ventricle are a continuation of the approaches described for access in...
						Lateral Subfrontal Approach
						This approach is useful for midline suprasellar and anterior third ventricular lesions (Fig. 19.5B). The patient is positioned s...
						Pterional Approach
						This approach is a common one to suprasellar tumors that extend into the anterior third ventricle (see Fig. 19.5B). The weakness...
						Endoscopic Approaches
						The endoscope offers a surgical approach that is useful for intraventricular tumor surgery (see Fig. 19.5A). The improvement of ...
						Transcallosal Transvelum Interpositum Approaches
						Following access to the lateral ventricle, the choroidal dissection is performed medial to the lateral ventricular choroid, thro...
						Infratentorial Supracerebellar Approach
						This approach is well suited for midline tumors in the pineal region and avoids retraction or manipulation of the cerebral hemis...
						Occipital Transtentorial Approach
						This approach is used for pineal and posterior third ventricular lesions with either supratentorial or infratentorial components...
				Mortality
				Cognitive Deficits
				Seizures
				Hydrocephalus
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
218 - Chapter 20 - Transcallosal and Endoscopic Approach to Intraventricular Brain Tumors
	20 - Transcallosal and Endoscopic Approach to Intraventricular Brain Tumors
		Introduction
			Patient Selection
				Selection of Patients With Small Ventricles and no Concomitant Hydrocephalus
			Equipment
				Use of Emerging Novel Technologies in Intraventricular Surgery
				Endoscopic Fenestration
				Tumor Biopsy
				Simultaneous Tumor Biopsy and Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy
				Solid Tumor Resection
				Patient Selection
				Surgical Technique
			Comparison Between Open Craniotomy and Neuroendoscopic Approaches
				Postoperative Management
			Summary
		Key References
		References
226 - Chapter 21 - Management of Pineal Region Tumors
	21 - Management of Pineal Region Tumors
		History
			Pathology
				Presentation
				Laboratory Diagnosis
				Imaging
				Surgical Anatomy
				Hydrocephalus
				Biopsy Versus Resection
				Stereotactic Biopsy
				Endoscopy
				Preoperative Considerations
				Patient Position
					Sitting Position
					Lateral and Three-­Quarter Prone Position
					Prone Position
					Supracerebellar Infratentorial
					Lateral Supracerebellar Infratentorial
					Occipital Transtentorial
					Interhemispheric Transcallosal
					Transcortical Transventricular
				Complications of Surgery
			Postoperative Care
				Surgical Results
					Benign Pineal Region Tumors
					Germinomas
					Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumors
					Pineal Parenchymal Tumors
					Pineal Astrocytomas and Diffusely Infiltrating Gliomas
		Key References
		References
239 - Chapter 22 - Management of Tumors of the Fourth Ventricle
	22 - Management of Tumors of the Fourth Ventricle
	Management of Tumors of the Fourth Ventricle
		Surgical Approach
			Complications
				Medulloblastoma
				Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
				Astrocytoma
				Ependymoma
				Brainstem Glioma
				Choroid Plexus Papilloma
				Hemangioblastoma
				Epithelial Cysts: Epidermoids and Dermoids
				Meningioma
				Subependymoma
				Lhermitte-­Duclos Disease
				Metastasis
				Other Tumors of the Fourth Ventricle
			Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics
				Medulloblastoma
				Ependymoma
				Glioma
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
267 - Chapter 23 - Surgical Management of Parasagittal and Convexity Meningiomas
	23 - Surgical Management of Parasagittal and Convexity Meningiomas
		Epidemiology and Significance
			Sporadic
				Radiation-­Induced Meningioma
				Neurofibromatosis Type 2
				Multiple Meningiomas
			Molecular Biology
			Anatomic Classification
				Convexity Meningiomas
				Parasagittal Meningiomas
			Clinical Presentation
				Convexity Meningiomas
				Parasagittal Meningiomas
				Incidental Meningiomas
				Convexity Meningiomas
				Parasagittal Meningiomas
			Preoperative Evaluation
				Superior Sagittal Sinus Involvement
				Bony Changes
				Tumor and Brain Characteristics
				Preoperative Care
				Embolization
					Positioning
					Incision
					Exposure
					Resection
					Superior Sagittal Sinus Involvement
					Closure
					Positioning
					Exposure
					Resection
					Closure
			Postoperative Care and Complications
			Outcomes and Follow-­Up
				Pathology
		Key References
		References
278 - Chapter 24 – Surgical Approach to Falcine Meningiomas
	24 - Surgical Approach to Falcine Meningiomas
		Symptoms and Presentation
		Radiographic Findings
		Operative Technique
			Anesthesia and Preparations
			Positioning
			Neuronavigation Systems
			Skin Incision
			Craniotomy
			Dural Opening
			Tumor Resection
			Management of Sinus Invasion
			Closure
		Postoperative Care
		Summary
		Key References
		References
287 - Chapter 25 - Surgical Management of Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas
	25 - Surgical Management of Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas
		Clinical Presentation
			Evaluation of Radiologic Studies in Planning the Operation
	Surgical Management of Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas
		General Aspects of Surgical Management
			Surgical Approaches
				General Considerations
				Operative Technique
				General Considerations
				Operative Technique
				Dural Opening
				Tumor Removal
				Surgical Morbidity
				Surgical Outcome and Conclusion
				General Considerations
				Operative Technique
				General Considerations
				Operative Technique
			Disclosure
		References
301 - Chapter 26 - Supraorbital Approach Variants for Intracranial Tumors
	26 - Supraorbital Approach Variants for Intracranial Tumors
	Supraorbital Approach Variants for Intracranial Tumors
		Experimental Analysis of the Supraorbital Approach in Cadavers
			Intracranial Surgical Access and Its Variants
				Patient Positioning
					Basic Access Through the Eyebrow
					Medial Supraorbital Approach
					Classic Supraorbital Approach (Laterobasal)
					Supraorbitopterional Approach
					Transsupraorbital Approach
					Eyelid and Eyebrow Approach
			Benefits and Limitations
			Acknowledgment
		Key References
		References
309 - Chapter 27 - Surgical Management of Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas
	27 - Surgical Management of Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas
318 - Chapter 28 - Surgical Management of Cavernous Lesions
	28 - Surgical Management of Cavernous Lesions
		Surgical Methods and the History
			Front-­Temporal Epi-­ and Subdural Approach (Dolenc)
				Fronto-­Temporal Epidural (Interdural) Approach
				Subtemporal Epidural (Interdural) Approach
				Subtemporal Anterior Petrosal Approach (Kawase)
			Meningeal Anatomy and Location of Lesions
			Parasellar Tumors and Surgical Approaches
				Trigeminal Neurinomas
					Middle Fossa Tumors
					Dumbbell Tumors
					Parasellar Tumors Extending to Orbit and the Infratemporal Fossa
				Parasellar Meningiomas
					Clinoid Meningioma Invaded the Cavernous Sinus
					Spheno-­Petroclival (Tentorial) Meningiomas
				Cavernous Sinus Hemangiomas
				Parasellar Chordomas
		References
327 - Chapter 29 - Surgical Management of Lesions of the Clivus
	29 - Surgical Management of Lesions of the Clivus
	Surgical Management of Lesions of the Clivus
		Philosophy of the Approaches
			Derived from the Notochord Remnants
				Chordoma
					Ecchordosis Physaliphora
					Benign Notochordal Cell Tumor
					Chondrosarcoma
					Osteosarcoma
				Fibrous Dysplasia
				Metastasis
				Plasmacytoma and Multiple Myeloma
				Capnon—Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of the Neuraxis
				Other Clival Lesions
					Cholesterol Granuloma
					Pituitary Adenomas
					Meningiomas
					Epidermoid Tumors
				Transcranial Surgical Approaches
					Subfrontal Transbasal Approach
					Transcranial Approaches to the Upper Clivus
						Transcavernous (Frontotemporal With or Without Orbital Osteotomy)
						Anterior Subtemporal Approach With Anterior Petrosectomy
					Transcranial Approaches to the Middle Clivus
						Posterior Petrosal Approaches and their Extensions (Temporal and Suboccipital)
					Transcranial Approaches to the Middle and Lower Clivus
						Retrosigmoid
						Far Lateral Approach
				Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches
					Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Upper Clivus
					Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Middle Clivus and Petrous Apex
					Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Lower Clivus
					Reconstruction After Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches
				Transoral Approach
				High Cervical Approach
		References
347 - Chapter 30 - Surgical Management of Posterior Fossa Meningiomas
	30 - Surgical Management of Posterior Fossa Meningiomas
		Surgical Anatomy of the Posterior Fossa
			Neural and Vascular Relationships
	Surgical Management of Posterior Fossa Meningiomas
		Preoperative Studies
			Intraoperative Monitoring
			Surgical Management
				Clival Meningiomas
					Petroclival Meningiomas
					Anterior to the Internal Auditory Canal
					Tumors Centered on the Internal Auditory Canal
					Posterior to the Internal Auditory Canal
				Posterior Meningiomas (Occipital Squama)
				Tentorial Meningiomas
			Complications
			Conclusions
		References
355 - Chapter 31 - Surgical Management of Tumors of the Foramen Magnum
	31 - Surgical Management of Tumors of the Foramen Magnum
		Clinical Presentation
			Classification of Tumors
	Surgical Management of Tumors of the Foramen Magnum
		Preoperative Imaging
			Choosing the Best Approach
				Skin Incision and Muscular Dissection
				Exposure of the Extradural Vertebral Artery
				Osseous Stage: Suboccipital Craniectomy and Hemilaminectomy
				Condylar Stage
			Intradural Exposure
				Immediate Postoperative Measures
				Endoscopic Approach
					Patient 1
					Patient 2
					Patient 3
					Patient 4
					Patient 5
			Results
			Comments
		Key References
		References
370 - Chapter 32.1 - Multimodal Treatment of Orbital Tumors
	32.1 - Multimodal Treatment of Orbital Tumors
		Orbital Anatomy
			Orbital Bony Anatomy
				Muscle Cone and Annulus of Zinn
				Optic Nerve and Orbital Nerves
			Case Selection
			Surgical Approaches
			Approaches to the Anterior Orbit
			Approaches to the Medial Orbit (Open)
			Approaches to the Lateral Orbit
			Endonasal Endoscopic Approaches to the Medial Orbit
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
	Surgical Approaches to the Orbit
		History
			Choice of Surgical Approach
			Topographic Distribution
				Supraorbital Orbitotomy
				Lateral Orbitotomy
				Transconjunctival Approaches
				Transantral Approach
					Pterional Approach
					Extradural Pterional Approach
						Example: Endocrine Orbitopathy, Neurosurgical Approach
						Example: Spheno-­Orbital Meningioma
						Example: Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma
					Contralateral Pterional Approach
					Orbitozygomatic Approach
				Surgical Adjuvants
				Operative Approaches
				Lateral Orbitotomy
				Transconjunctival Approach
				Transantral Approach
				Supraorbital Approach
				Pterional Approaches
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
386 - Chapter 33 - Surgical Management of Parasellar Meningiomas
	33 - Surgical Management of Parasellar Meningiomas
		Introduction
			Definition and Clinical Presentation
			Diagnostic Evaluation
			Management Considerations
				Frontotemporal Approach
				Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Approach
			Radiation Treatment
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
391 - Chapter 34 - The OZ Chapter_ Original OZ, Modified for Parietal, Modified for Frontal, Cosmetic Results of the OZ
	34 - The OZ Chapter: Original OZ, Modified for Parietal, Modified for Frontal, Cosmetic Results of the OZ
		Indications
	The OZ Chapter: Original OZ, Modified for Parietal, Modified for Frontal, Cosmetic Results of the OZ
		Contraindications
			Patient Positioning
				Skin Flap
				Craniotomy and Removal of Bony Components
				Two-­Piece Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy
				One-­Piece Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy
				Reconstruction
				Additional Considerations
				Complication Avoidance
		Key References
		References
397 - Chapter 35 - Suboccipital Retrosigmoid Surgical Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
	35 - Suboccipital Retrosigmoid Surgical Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
		Preoperative Radiological Assessment
	Suboccipital Retrosigmoid Surgical Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
		Patient Preparation and Surgical Position
			Anatomical Landmarks and Skin Incision
			Craniotomy and Dural Stage
			Cisternal Stage
			Reconstruction
			Postoperative Radiological Assessment
				Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage
				Facial Nerve Palsy
				Hearing Worsening
			Intraoperative Electrophysiological Monitoring
				Facial Nerve Monitoring
				Cochlear Nerve Monitoring
			Conclusions
		References
408 - Chapter 36 - Translabyrinthine and Transtemporal Approaches to Posterior Cranial Fossa Lesions
	36 - Translabyrinthine and Transtemporal Approaches to Posterior Cranial Fossa Lesions
		Advantages of the Translabyrinthine Approach
			Surgical Anatomy
			Preparation for Surgery
			Surgical Procedure
				Mastoidectomy
				Labyrinthectomy
				Internal Auditory Canal Dissection
				Dural Opening
				Tumor Removal
				Identification of the Facial Nerve in the Fundus of the Internal Auditory Canal
				Freeing the Tumor from the Facial Nerve in the Internal Auditory Canal
				Tumor Removal
					Inferior Dissection
					Superior Dissection
					Medial Dissection
					Anterior Dissection and Final Tumor Removal
				Facial Nerve Repair
				Closure
			Postoperative Management and Complications
				Hematoma
				Acute Hydrocephalus
				Facial Paralysis
				Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage
				Meningitis
			Conclusions
			Anterior Transpetrosal Approaches
				Middle Fossa Approach
					Indications
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantages
				Extended Middle Fossa Approach (Anterior Petrosectomy)
					Indications
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantages
				Middle Fossa Transtentorial Approach
					Indications
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantages
			Posterior Transpetrosal Approaches
				Presigmoid Approach
					Trans-­Sigmoid Approach
					Retrosigmoid (Suboccipital) Approach
						Indications
						Surgical Approach
						Complications and Disadvantages
				Transotic Approach
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantages
				Transcochlear Approach
					Indications
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantage
					Indications
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantages
				Transcanal–Infracochlear Approach
					Indications
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantages
				Petrosal Approach
					Indications
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantages
				Infratemporal Fossa Approach
					Indications
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantages
				Endonasal Endoscopic Approach
					Indications
					Surgical Approach
					Complications and Disadvantages
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
428 - Chapter 37 - Hearing Prosthetics_ Surgical Techniques
	37 - Hearing Prosthetics: Surgical Techniques
		Hearing Loss
			Bone-­Anchored Implants
				Indications
				Surgical Technique
				Complications
				Outcomes
			Cochlear Implants
				Indications
				Imaging Studies
				Surgical Technique
				Complications
				Outcomes
				Bilateral Cochlear Implantation
			Hybrid Systems
			Auditory Brain Stem Implants
				Indications
				Surgical Technique
				Complications
				Outcomes
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
437 - Section 2
439 - Chapter 38 – Bypass Techniques
	38 - Bypass Techniques
		Introduction
		History of Cerebral Bypass
		Indications
			Moyamoya Disease
			Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease
			Intracranial Aneurysms
			Skull Base Tumors
			Need for Bypass and Type of Bypass
			Selection of Low-­Flow Bypass Grafts
			Selection of High-­Flow Bypass Grafts
		Indirect Bypass
		Preoperative Considerations
		Perioperative/Intraoperative Considerations
			Extracranial-­Intracranial Bypasses
			Superficial Temporal Artery-­Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass
				Intracranial to Intracranial Bypass
			Pica-­Pica Bypass
				Harvest of High-­Flow Grafts
			Presentation and Work-­Up
			Surgical Technique
			Postoperative Course
		Conclusion
		KEY REFERENCES
		References
449 - Chapter 39 - Previously Coiled Aneurysms
	39 - Previously Coiled Aneurysms
		Aneurysm Residual, Aneurysm Recurrence, and the Risk of Rebleeding
	Previously Coiled Aneurysms
		Surveillance and Imaging
			Treatment
				Recoiling
				Remodeling Technique With Balloon Assistance
				Stent-­Assisted Coiling
				Flow Diversion
				Endosaccular Device
				Microsurgical Treatment
			Conclusion
		References
457 - Chapter 40 - Surgical Management of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease
	40 - Surgical Management of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease
		Anesthetic Technique
	Surgical Management of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease
		Monitoring Techniques
			Intraoperative Shunting
				Patch Graft Angioplasty
				Heparinization
				Tacking Sutures
			Surgery
				Complete Occlusion
				Stump Syndrome
				Bilateral Carotid Endarterectomy
				Plaque Morphology
				Concurrent Coronary Artery Disease
				Advanced Age
				Complicated Neck Anatomy
				Intraluminal Thrombi
				Tandem Lesions of the Carotid Siphon
				Intracranial Aneurysm (Silent)
				Recurrent Stenosis
				Carotid Endarterectomy Versus Carotid Artery Stenting
			Conclusions
			Summary
		Key References
		References
471 - Chapter 41 - Management of Dissections of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
	41 - Management of Dissections of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
		Pathophysiology and Histopathology
			Epidemiology
	Management of Dissections of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
		Radiographic Diagnosis
			Extracranial Carotid Artery Dissection
			Anchor 118
			Anchor 119
			Anchor 120
			Anchor 121
			Anchor 122
			Extracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection
			Intracranial Arterial Dissection
			Anchor 125
		Key References
		References
478 - Chapter 42 - Management of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
	42 - Management of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
		Natural History (Table 42.1)
			Aneurysm Size
				Aneurysm Location
					Aneurysm Shape
				Symptoms Other than Rupture
					Significant Family History
					Prior History of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
					Age and Gender
					Smoking
					Genetic Conditions
			Scoring Schemes for Rupture Risk Prediction of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
				PHASES Score
				Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm Treatment Score (UIATS)
				Transfemoral Cerebral Angiography
				Magnetic Resonance Angiography
				Computed Tomography Angiography
			Indications for Treatment
				Observation
				Surgical Treatment
					Risks of Surgery
						Age
						Aneurysm Size
						Aneurysm Location
					Risk/Benefit Analysis
				Endovascular Treatment
					Experience with Ruptured Aneurysms
					Risks of Endovascular Treatment
					Efficacy of Coiling
				A Multidisciplinary Approach to Treating Aneurysms
				Risk of Aneurysm Regrowth
				De Novo Aneurysms
				Patients with A Family History of Intracranial Aneurysms
				Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
493 - Chapter 43 - Surgical Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
	43 - Surgical Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
		Etiology
	Surgical Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
		Pathophysiology
			Presentation by Location
				Lobar
				Putamen
				Thalamus
				Cerebellar
				Intraventricular Hemorrhage
				Radiology
			Acute Rehemorrhage
			Management
				Acute Medical Care
				Surgical Management
				Craniotomy
				Stereotactic Aspiration
				Endoscopy
			Prognostication, Long-­Term Outcome, and Management
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
506 - Chapter 44 - Surgical Management of Cerebellar Stroke—Hemorrhage and Infarction
	44 - Surgical Management of Cerebellar Stroke—Hemorrhage and Infarction
513 - Chapter 45 - Surgical Treatment of Moyamoya Disease in Adults
	45 - Surgical Treatment of Moyamoya Disease in Adults
		Clinical Findings and Preoperative Assessment
			Diagnostic Criteria
	Surgical Treatment of Moyamoya Disease in Adults
		Significance of Suzuki’s Angiographic Staging
			Emergency Treatment
				Surgical Indication
				Categories of Revascularization Procedure and Intra-­Operative Care
					Surgical Anastomosis
				Intra-­Operative Care
					Direct Bypass Surgery (Video 45.1)
						(1).STA-­MCA Anastomosis (Fig. 45. 4)
						(1)Encephalo-­Duro-­Arterio-­Synangiosis (Figs. 45.7 and 45.8) (Video 45. 2)
						(2)Encephalo-­Myo-­Synangiosis
						(3)EDAS Plus Encephalo-­Galeo-­Synangiosis
						(4)Revascularization Using Omentum
					Omental Transplantation
					Omental Transposition
						(5)Multiple Burr-­Holes Operation
				Surgical Complications and Perioperative Management
		Key References
		References
527 - Chapter 46 - Surgical Treatment of Paraclinoid Aneurysms
	46 - Surgical Treatment of Paraclinoid Aneurysms
545 - Chapter 47 - Surgical Management of Posterior Communicating, Anterior Choroidal, and Carotid Bifurcation Aneurysms
	47 - Surgical Management of Posterior Communicating, Anterior Choroidal, and Carotid Bifurcation Aneurysms
		Fetal Posterior Cerebral Artery
			Diagnosis, Preoperative Planning, and Patient Selection
	Surgical Management of Posterior Communicating, Anterior Choroidal, and Carotid Bifurcation Aneurysms
		Posterior Communicating Segment
			Internal Carotid Artery
				Anterior Choroidal Segment
				Carotid Bifurcation
			Operative Procedure and Complication Avoidance
				Positioning and Pterional Craniotomy
				Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms
				Anterior Choroidal Artery Aneurysms
				Carotid Bifurcation Aneurysms
		Key References
		References
555 - Chapter 48 - Surgical Management of Anterior Communicating and Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
	48 - Surgical Management of Anterior Communicating and Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
		Normal Anatomy
	Surgical Management of Anterior Communicating and Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
		Variant Anatomy
			Clinical Presentation
			Diagnostic Imaging
			Preoperative Management
			Microsurgical Management
				Exposure
				CLIPPING
				Alternative Techniques
			Postoperative Management
		Key References
		References
570 - Chapter 49 - Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Middle Cerebral Artery
	49 - Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Middle Cerebral Artery
		Aneurysms of the Middle Cerebral Artery
			Incidence of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
				Ruptured and Unruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
				Intracerebral Hematomas, Intraventricular Hemorrhage, and Preoperative Hydrocephalus
				Associated Aneurysms
				Middle Cerebral Artery
				M1 Segment
				Lateral Lenticulostriate Arteries
				Middle Cerebral Artery Bifurcation and M2 Segments
				Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Branches (M3 and M4)
				Cisternal Anatomy
				Venous Anatomy
				Location and Orientation of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
					Imaging
			Principles of Neuroanesthesia
			General Strategies
			Microsurgical Treatment
				Positioning, Skin Incision, and Craniotomy
				Dural Opening and Intradural Dissection
				Dissection of the Sylvian Fissure and Exposure of the Aneurysm
				Aneurysm Exposure and Pilot Clipping
				Temporary Clipping
				Final Clipping
			Special Considerations for Different Locations and Orientations Along the Middle Cerebral Artery
				Clipping of Proximal Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
				Clipping Aneurysms of the Middle Cerebral Artery Bifurcation
				Clipping of Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
				Aneurysms of the Bilateral Middle Cerebral Artery
			Treatment of Complex Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
				Proximal Control
					Multiple Clips
					Direct Suction Decompression
					Thrombectomy
					In situ Anastomosis
					Standard Superficial Temporal Artery–Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass
					High-­Flow Bypass
					Flow Preservation in the Vessel Stump
					High-­Flow Bypass for Multiple Branch Reimplantation
			Endovascular Treatment
			Outcome After Treatment of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
				Angiographic Outcome
				Clinical Outcome
		Key References
		References
583 - Chapter 50 - Surgical Management of Terminal Basilar and Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
	50 - Surgical Management of Terminal Basilar and Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
		Neuroanesthesia
	Surgical Management of Terminal Basilar and Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
		Surgical Strategies for Basilar Apex Aneurysms
			Approaches for Basilar Apex Aneurysms
				SUBTEMPORAL APPROACH
					Positioning and Scalp Incision
					Subarachnoid Dissection and Clip Application
				Orbitozygomatic Approach
				Extended Lateral (Half-­and-­Half) Approach
					Positioning and Scalp Incision
					Craniotomy
					Subarachnoid Dissection and Clip Application
			Posterior Carotid Artery Aneurysms
			Endovascular Therapy for the Management of Aneurysms at the Basilar Apex
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
593 - Chapter 51 - Surgical Management of Midbasilar and Lower Basilar Aneurysms
	51 - Surgical Management of Midbasilar and Lower Basilar Aneurysms
		Principles of Management
			Extended Retrosigmoid Approach
				Patient Positioning
				Surgical Technique
	Surgical Management of Midbasilar and Lower Basilar Aneurysms
		Intradural Exposure
			Transpetrosal Approaches
				Patient Positioning and Surgical Technique
					Retrolabyrinthine Approach
					Translabyrinthine Approach
					Transcochlear Technique
				Intradural Exposure
				Selection of Transpetrosal Approach
			Far-­Lateral Approach
				Patient Positioning
				Surgical Technique
				Intradural Exposure
			Combined Supratentorial–Infratentorial Approaches
				Surgical Technique
				Intradural Exposure
				Treatment Complications
			Anterior Transclival Approaches
			Endovascular Management
			Summary and Conclusions
		Key References
		References
602 - Chapter 52 - Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Complex
	52 - Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Complex
		Epidemiology
			Aneurysmal Characteristics
			Historical Background
			Neuroradiologic Imaging
			Clinical Presentation
			Management
				Surgical Approaches
				Saccular Aneurysms
				Fusiform Aneurysms
				Dissecting Aneurysms
				Giant Aneurysms
			The Authors’ Series
				Authors’ Preferred Surgical Technique
				Surgical Anatomy
				Positioning of the Patient
				Anesthesia and Monitoring
				Skin Incision
				Exposure of the Deep Lateral Suboccipital Region
				Suboccipital Craniectomy
				Partial Drilling of The Occipital Condyle and Jugular Tubercle
				Dural Incision
				Intradural Stage
				Wound Closure
				Clinical Outcome and Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality
				Case Report 1
				Case Report 2
		Key References
		References
616 - Chapter 53 - Far-Lateral Approach for Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms
	53 - Far-­Lateral Approach for Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms
		Introduction
			Muscular Layers
				Atlantal Segment of the Vertebral Artery (V3) and the Suboccipital Triangle
				Occipital Condyle, Hypoglossal Canal, and the Jugular Tubercle
				Intradural Vertebral Artery (V4) and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
			Anesthetic Considerations
				Positioning
				Incision
				Soft Tissue Dissection
				Suboccipital Craniotomy
				C1 Laminectomy
				Standard Far-­Lateral Exposure
				Transcondylar/Supracondylar Extension
					Intradural Exposure
					Vertebral Artery Aneurysms
					Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms
					Bypass/Revascularization Options and Considerations
				CASE 1
				CASE 2
			Conclusions
		References
627 - Chapter 54 - Surgical Management of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
	54 - Surgical Management of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
		Classification
	Surgical Management of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
		Clinical Presentation
			Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance
				Intra-­Arterial Catheter Angiography
			Natural History
				Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas With Cortical Venous Reflux
				Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Without Cortical Venous Reflux
			Indications for Treatment
			Management Options
				Observation
				Compression Therapy
				Transarterial Embolization
				Transvenous Embolization
				Surgery
					Surgery to Obtain Venous Access
					Surgical Excision
				Disconnection of Cortical Venous Reflux Alone
				Stereotactic Radiosurgery
			Comprehensive Management Strategy
				Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Without Cortical Venous Reflux (Benign Fistulas: Borden Type I, Cognard Types I And Iia)
				Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas With Cortical Venous Reflux (Aggressive Fistulas: Borden Types Ii And Iii, Cognard Types Iib Throug...
				Anatomic Considerations for Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas in Specific Locations
				Cavernous Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Anterior Cranial Fossa Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Superior Sagittal Sinus (Convexity) Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Tentorial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Galenic Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Straight Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Torcular Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Posterior Fossa Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Transverse/Sigmoid Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Incisural Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Superior Petrosal Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Inferior Petrosal Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Marginal Sinus (Foramen Magnum Region) Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
			Outcome and Complications of Treatment
			Summary
		Key References
		References
648 - Chapter 55 - Surgical Management of Cavernous Malformations of the Nervous System
	55 - Surgical Management of Cavernous Malformations of the Nervous System
		Pathologic Features
			Radiologic Features
			Familial Occurrence and Genetics
			Clinical Presentation
			Natural History
			Management Considerations
				Observation
				Surgery
				Radiosurgery
			Cavernous Malformation of the Cerebrum
				Management
					Patients Presenting With Seizures
					Patients Presenting With Headache
					Patients Presenting With Neurologic Deficit
				Results
			Cavernous Malformation of the Brain Stem
				Management
				Results
			Cavernous Malformation of the Cerebellum
				Management
				Results
			Cavernous Malformation of the Cranial Nerves
				Management
				Results
			Cavernous Malformation of the Spinal Cord
				Clinical Presentation
				Management
				Results
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
667 - Chapter 56 - Surgical Management of Brainstem and Cerebellar Arteriovenous Malformations
	56 - Surgical Management of Brainstem and Cerebellar Arteriovenous Malformations
		Anatomy and Classification
			Epidemiology and Natural History
	Surgical Management of Brainstem and Cerebellar Arteriovenous Malformations
		Clinical Presentation
			Diagnostic Studies
				Treatment Consideration
				Surgical Resection of Infratentorial Arteriovenous Malformation
				Lateral Suboccipital Craniectomy
			Postoperative Management
			Surgical Results
			Complications
				Endovascular Treatment of Infratentorial Arteriovenous Malformations
				Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Infratentorial Arteriovenous Malformation
			Conclusion
		References
674 - Chapter 57 - Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
	57 - Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
		Introduction
			History
			Classification
			Arteriovenous Malformations
			Treatment
			When and How to Treat an Arteriovenous Malformation
			Grade I Arteriovenous Malformations
			Grade II Arteriovenous Malformations
			Grade III Arteriovenous Malformations
			Treatment of grade III AVMs
				Grade IV Arteriovenous Malformations
			Treatment of Grade IV AVMs
				Grade V Arteriovenous Malformations
			Cerebral Proliferative Angiopathy
			The Surgeon
			Preparation for Surgery
			The Operating Room
			Surgical Technique
				Superficial Malformations
				Deep-­Seated Malformations
			Surgery
			Endovascular Surgery
			Radiosurgery
		Key Reference
		References
693 - Chapter 58 - Endovascular Management of Intracranial Aneurysms
	58 - Endovascular Management of Intracranial Aneurysms
		Technique
	Endovascular Management of Intracranial Aneurysms
		Microcatheter Placement into the Aneurysm
			Coil Selection
				Coil Placement
				Results of Endovascular Treatment for Ruptured Aneurysms
				Results of Endovascular Treatment for Unruptured Aneurysms
				Balloon Remodeling Technique
					Sidewall Wide-­Neck Aneurysm
					Bifurcation Wide-­Neck Aneurysm
					Double Remodeling Technique
					Results
					Stent Characteristics
					Technique of Coiling with Stent Assistance
					Antiplatelet Treatment Regimen for Intracranial Stenting
					Results
					Intrasaccular Devices
					Bifurcation Support Devices
					Technique
					Results
					Characteristics
					Results
			Complications of Endovascular Coiling and Their Treatment
				Coil Malposition
				Stretched Coil
				Broken Coil
				Rupture of Aneurysm
				Rupture of Vessel
				Procedural Thrombus Formation
		Key References
		References
703 - Chapter 59 - Endovascular Treatment of Stroke
	59 - Endovascular Treatment of Stroke
		Traditional Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
			Evolution of Endovascular Stroke Therapy
	Endovascular Treatment of Stroke
		Clinical Trials for Mechanical Thrombectomy
			Clinical Evaluation in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
			Standard Endovascular Approach
			Endovascular Methods of Revascularization
				Intra-­Arterial Thrombolysis
				Stent-­Retriever Thrombectomy
				Suction Thrombectomy
				Angioplasty and Stenting in Acute Ischemic Stroke
			Post-­Procedural Care
			Conclusion
		KEY REFERENCES
		References
714 - Chapter 60 - Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
	60 - Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
		Noninvasive Techniques
			Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Diffusion-­Tensor Imaging
					Provocative Injection Testing (Wada Test)
					Angiography
				Anesthetic and Perioperative Considerations
				Standard Procedure
				Identification of the Embolization Point
				Injection of Embolic Material
					n-­Butyl Cyanoacrylate
					Onyx
					Polyvinyl Alcohol
					Precipitating Hydrophobic Injectable Liquid
			Goals of Treatment and Outcomes
				Embolization for Definitive Cure
				Embolization as a Precursor to Definitive Operative Resection
				Embolization as a Precursor to Radiosurgery
				Embolization as Palliation for Progressive Debilitating Symptoms and Target Embolization of Bleeding or High-­Risk Lesions
					Advanced Embolization Technique
					Transvenous Approach
					Balloon-­Assisted Embolization
					Detachable-­Tip Microcatheters
					Double Arterial Catheterization
			Complications
				Hemorrhage and Edema
				Ischemia and Infarction
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
723 - Chapter 61 - Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Occlusive Disease
	61 - Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Occlusive Disease
		Natural History
			Pathophysiology
	Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Occlusive Disease
		Classification
			Medical Management
			Evolution and Results of Endovascular Therapy
				Management of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease Underlying Large Vessel Occlusion
			Endovascular Therapy versus Best Medical Therapy
			Clinical Evaluation
			Preoperative Imaging
			Techniques of Angioplasty and/or Stenting
			Antiplatelet Therapy
			Anesthesia
			Anticoagulation Therapy
			Postprocedure Management
			Recognition and Management of Intracranial Complications
			Outcomes
			Durability and Rates of Restenosis
			Fractional Flow Reserve and Instantaneous Wave-­Free Ratio
			Moyamoya Disease
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
734 - Chapter 62 - Endovascular Treatment of Extracranial Occlusive Disease
	62 - Endovascular Treatment of Extracranial Occlusive Disease
		Introduction
			Evidence
			Preoperative Evaluation and Management
			Anesthesia and Intraoperative Monitoring
			Procedure
			Postoperative Care
			Complications
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
739 - Chapter 63 - Embolization of Tumors_ Brain, Head, Neck, and Spine
	63 - Embolization of Tumors: Brain, Head, Neck, and Spine
		Meningiomas
	Embolization of Tumors: Brain, Head, Neck, and Spine
		Vascular Targets
			Considerations
				Indications for Embolization
					Complications
				Paragangliomas
					Complications
				Hemangioblastomas
				Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Previously Named Hemangiopericytoma)
				Juvenile Nasal Angiofibromas
				Calvarial Lesions
			Tumors of the Spine
				Primary Spinal Tumors
					Paragangliomas
					Hemangioblastomas
					Giant Cell Tumors
					Hemangiomas
					Aneurysmal Bone Cysts
				Metastatic Spinal Tumors
			General Considerations in Craniospinal Embolization
				Types Of Embolisates
					Solid Occlusive Devices
					Particles
					Gelfoam
					Polyvinyl Alcohol
					Microspheres
					Considerations
					Liquid Embolic Agents
					Alcohol
					n-­Butyl Cyanoacrylate
					EVOH Copolymer–DMSO Solvent
					Considerations
				Complications
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
755 - Chapter 64 - Endovascular Management of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
	64 - Endovascular Management of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
		Transarterial Embolization
	Endovascular Management of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
		Cyanoacrylic Glue Techniques
			Onyx Techniques
				PHIL and Squid Techniques
			Transvenous Embolization
				Flow Diversion Embolization
			Outcomes of Transarterial Embolization With n-­Butyl Cyanoacrylate
			Outcomes of Transarterial Embolization With Onyx
			Outcomes of Transarterial Embolization With PHIL and Squid
			Outcomes of Transvenous Embolization of Indirect CCF
				Outcomes of Flow Diversion Of CCF
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
767 - Chapter 65 - Endovascular Management of Spinal Vascular Malformations
	65 - Endovascular Management of Spinal Vascular Malformations
	Endovascular Management of Spinal Vascular Malformations
		Classification of Spinal Vascular Malformations
			Clinical Presentation and Natural History
				Technique
				Type I Fistulas
				Arteriovenous Malformations
			Endovascular Treatment
			Endovascular Technique
				Surgical Treatment of Spinal Arteriovenous Fistulas
				Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations
			Conclusions
				Case 1
				Case 2
				Case 3
				Case 4
				Case 5
				Case 6
				Case 7
				Case 8
		Key References
		References
784 - CHAPTER 66 - Endovascular Treatment of Head and Neck Bleeding
	66 - Endovascular Treatment of Head and Neck Bleeding
		Evaluating Effects of Ischemia
			Blunt and Penetrating Injuries of the Head
				Carotid-­Cavernous Fistulas
					Transarterial Versus Transvenous Approach
					Embolic Agents for Endovascular Occlusion
						Balloons
						Particles
						Coils
						n-­Butyl-­Cyanoacrylate
						Onyx
					Stents
						Radiosurgery for Carotid Cavernous Fistulas
				Traumatic Aneurysms
			Blunt and Penetrating Injuries of the Neck
				Pathophysiologic Correlates
				Epistaxis
				Carotid Blowout
				Vertebral Artery Injury
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
796 - CHAPTER 67 - Imaging Evaluation and Endovascular Treatment of Vasospasm
	67 - Imaging Evaluation and Endovascular Treatment of Vasospasm
		Clinical Assessment
			Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography
				Noncontrast Head Computed Tomography
				Computed Tomography Angiography and Perfusion
				Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Perfusion-­Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Digital Subtraction Angiography
			Medical Therapies for Cerebral Vasospasm
			Overview of Endovascular Therapies for Cerebral Vasospasm
			Intra-­Arterial Vasodilator Infusion
			Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
				Papaverine
			Phosphodiesterase Isoenzymes
				Calcium Channel Blockers
			Other Pharmacologic Agents Under Investigation
				Infusion Location
				Safety Considerations During Intra-­Arterial Infusion
				Introduction and Vessel Selection
				Balloon Technologies
					Single Lumen Balloon Catheters
					Dual Lumen Balloon Catheters
				Balloon Inflation
				Efficacy
				Complications
			Combination Therapy
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
807 -  Section 3
807 - Chapter 68 - Posterior Fossa Tumors in the Pediatric Population_ Multidisciplinary Management
	68 - Posterior Fossa Tumors in the Pediatric Population: Multidisciplinary Management
		Introduction
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnostic Evaluation
		Medulloblastoma
			Ependymoma
				Cerebellar Astrocytoma
				Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor
			Surgery
				Patient Positioning
				Opening and Closure
				Tumor Removal
					Telovelar Approach
				Transvermian Approach
				Intraoperative Neuromonitoring
				Operative Complications
				Management of Hydrocephalus
				Medulloblastoma
					Pathology and Genetics
			Treatment
			Prognosis and Outcome
			Recurrence
				Ependymoma
			Pathology and Genetics
			Treatment
			Prognosis and Outcome
			Recurrence
				Cerebellar Astrocytoma
			Pathology and Genetics
			Treatment
			Prognosis and Outcome
			Recurrence
				Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor
			Pathology and Genetics
			Treatment
			Prognosis and Outcome
			Recurrence
			Long-­Term Sequalae and Functional Outcome
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
820 - Chapter 69 - Supratentorial Tumors in the Pediatric Population_ Multidisciplinary Management
	69 - Supratentorial Tumors in the Pediatric Population: Multidisciplinary Management
		Epidemiology
			Clinical Presentation
			Imaging
				Epidemiology
					Diagnosis
			Tumors
				Epidemiology
				Diagnosis
				Pathology
				Management
			Thalamic Glioma
				Epidemiology
				New Era of Molecular Subtyping and Genetic Mutations
				Signs and Symptoms
				Imaging
				Management
				Anatomic Consideration
				Surgical Approach
				Adjuvant Therapy
				Prognosis
			Pediatric High-­grade Gliomas
				Epidemiology
				Pathology
				Molecular Era
				Diagnosis
					Surgery
					Radiotherapy
					Chemotherapy
					Targeted Treatment
				Prognosis
			Pineal Tumors
			Intraventricular Tumors
			Epidemiology
			Intraventricular Pathology—Lateral Ventricles
				Choroid Plexus Papillomas
				Ependymomas
				Subependymoma
				Gliomas
					Low-­grade Glioma
					Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
					High-­grade Glioma
		Key References
		References
842 - Chapter 70 - Pediatric Brain Stem Tumors
	70 - Pediatric Brain Stem Tumors
		Introduction
			Pilocytic Astrocytoma
				Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma
				Diffuse Low-­Grade Glioma
				Tectal Plate Glioma
				Ganglioglioma
				Diffuse Midline Glioma, H3k27m-­Mutated, Versus -­Wild Type
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
849 - Chapter 71 - Mapping, Disconnection, and Resective Surgery in Pediatric Epilepsy
	71 - Mapping, Disconnection, and Resective Surgery in Pediatric Epilepsy
		Nonoperative Localization
			Semiology
	Mapping, Disconnection, and Resective Surgery in Pediatric Epilepsy
		Neuropsychology
			Electroencephalography
				Invasive Monitoring
					Electrocorticography
					Implanted Electrodes (Grids, Strips, Depths)
					Complications
					Role of Stereotactic Electroencephalogram in Localizing Epileptogenic Zone in Children
					Technique
					Outcomes
			Disconnection
				Trans-­Sylvian Hemispheric Disconnection or Functional Hemispherectomy
					Indication
					Diagnostics
					Choice of Approach
					Surgical Technique
					Postoperative Care
					Outcome
				Palliative Disconnection—Callosotomy
				Temporal Lobe Resections
					Technique
					Complications
					Outcomes
				Extratemporal Resections
					Technique
					Outcome
				Laser Ablation in Pediatric Epilepsy
					Technique
					Outcomes
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
861 - CHAPTER 72 - Surgical Decision-Making and Treatment Options for Chiari Malformations in Children
	72 - Surgical Decision-­Making and Treatment Options for Chiari Malformations in Children
		Asymptomatic Patients
	Surgical Decision-­Making and Treatment Options for Chiari Malformations in Children
		Symptomatic Patients
			Surgical Technique
				Syringomyelia
					Scoliosis
					Occipitocervical Fusion
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
868 - Chapter 73 - Fetal Surgery for Open Neural Tube Defects
	73 - Fetal Surgery for Open Neural Tube Defects
		Rationale for Fetal Repair
			Timing for Fetal Surgery
			Hysterotomy and Exposure
			Surgical Repair of the Defect
			Results
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
872 - Chapter 74 - Surgical Management of Spinal Dysraphism
	74 - Surgical Management of Spinal Dysraphism
		Open Spinal Dysraphism
			Embryology and Morbid Anatomy
				Preparation for Surgery
					Positioning and Sterile Preparation
					Opening the Sac
					Handling the Neural Placode
					Dural Closure
					Skin and Myofascial Closure
				Postoperative Management
					Early Complications (First Postoperative Week)
					Wound Dehiscence
					Wound Infection
					Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
					Open Neural Tube Defect With Segmental Placode
					Open Neural Tube Defect and Kyphectomy
			Spinal Cord Lipomas
				Anatomy and Classification
					Dorsal Lipoma
					Transitional Lipoma
					Terminal Lipoma
					Chaotic Lipoma
					Embryogenesis of Dorsal and Transitional Lipomas
					Embryogenesis of Chaotic Lipomas
					Embryogenesis of Terminal Lipoma
					Intraoperative Electrophysiologic Monitoring
						Step 1: Exposure
						Step 2: Detachment of Lipoma from Dura
						Step 3: Lipoma Resection
						Step 4: Neurulation of the Neural Placode
						Step 5: Expansile Graft Duraplasty
					Technical Points
					Complications
					Results of Total Resection
				Terminal Lipoma
				Embryogenesis, Morbid Anatomy, and Classification
					Indication
					Preoperative Neuroimaging Studies
					Operative Technique
						Type I Split Cord Malformation
						Type II Split Cord Malformation
						Composite Split Cord Malformations and Multiple Split Cord Malformations
						Associated Dermal Sinus Tract and Dermoid Cyst
						Associated Myelomeningocele and Hemimyelocele
						Associated Neurenteric Cyst and Other Intestinal Anomalies
						Neurologic Injury
						Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage
						Postoperative Bladder Management
				Embryology and Anatomy
				Clinical Findings
				Technique for Surgical Repair
			Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis
				Embryogenesis
					Surgical Technique
		Key References
		References
902 - CHAPTER 75 - Revascularization Techniques in Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disorders
	75 - Revascularization Techniques in Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disorders
		Moyamoya Syndrome
			Radiographic
			Surgical Treatment of Moyamoya
				Pial Synangiosis
					Indications for Surgery
					Preoperative Strategy and Imaging
					Anesthetic Issues and Monitoring
				Operative Technique and Setup
				Operative Approach
					Craniotomy
					Dural Opening
					Contralateral Side
					Complication Avoidance
						Preoperative
						Intraoperative
						Postoperative
			Follow-­up
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
911 - Chapter 76 - Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
	76 - Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
		Emergency Evaluation and Triage
	Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
		Plain Radiographs
			Computed Tomography
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging
					Ultrasound
					Computed Tomography Angiography
				Remote Imaging/Telemedicine
				Intensive Care Unit Management of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
			Technology for Management of Intracranial Hypertension in Pediatric Head Trauma
				External Ventricular Drain Placement and Hydrocephalus
				Multimodality and Other Sensor Types
				Current Pediatric ICP Management Guidelines
				Noninvasive Screening for Intracranial Hypertension
			Surgical Management of Pediatric Neurotrauma
				Technique: Decompressive Bifrontotemporal Craniectomy
				Technique: Decompressive Hemicraniectomy
				Replacement of Bone Flap
				Potential Complications of Cranial Defect Repair
			Considerations for Temperature Regulation in Optimizing Outcome
				Hyperpyrexia
				Hypothermia
					Concomitant Injuries and Hospital Course with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
					Seizures in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
					Recovery and Outcomes
			Conclusion
		Key references
		References
925 - Chapter 77 - Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy Surgery for the Treatment of Pediatric Spastic Cerebral Palsy
	77 - Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy Surgery for the Treatment of Pediatric Spastic Cerebral Palsy
		Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy
	Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy Surgery for the Treatment of Pediatric Spastic Cerebral Palsy
		Patient Selection
			Procedure
				Multi-­Level Laminectomy
			Postoperative Course and Complications
		Key References
		References
931 - Chapter 78 - Instrumentation and Stabilization of the Pediatric Spine_ Technical Nuances and Age-Specific Considerations
	78 - Instrumentation and Stabilization of the Pediatric Spine: Technical Nuances and ­Age-­Specific Considerations
		Posterior Spinal Instrumentation in the Pediatric Age Group
			Craniocervical Junction (O-­C2)
				Occipital Fixation
	Instrumentation and Stabilization of the Pediatric Spine: Technical Nuances and ­Age-­Specific Considerations
		C1 Lateral Mass Screws and C1-­2 Transarticular Screws
			C2 Pars/Pedicle and Translaminar Screws
				Lateral Mass Screws
					Sublamina Wires
					Pedicle Screws
					Translaminar Screws
					Wires, Hooks, and Pedicle Screws
					Polyester Bands
			Anterior Spinal Instrumentation in the Pediatric Age Group
				Advantages of Anterior Instrumentation
			Biomaterials
			Long-­Term Consequences of Fusion in a Growing Spine
		Key References
		References
940 - Chapter 79 - Methods of Cranial Vault Reconstruction for Craniosynostosis
	79 - Methods of Cranial Vault Reconstruction for Craniosynostosis
		Scaphocephaly
			Trigonocephaly
				Surgical Technique
			Anterior Plagiocephaly
				Brachycephaly
				Oxicephaly
				Crouzon Syndrome
				Apert Syndrome
				Pfeiffer Syndrome
				Cloverleaf Skull (Kleeblattschädel)
			Hydrocephalus in Craniosynostosis
			Chiari Malformation in Craniosynostosis
				Management of Chiari Malformation in Craniosynostosis
					Type I. Endoscopically Assisted Suturectomies and Osteotomies
					Type II. Scaphocephaly: Standard Technique (Vertex Calvariectomy)
					Type III. Scaphocephaly: Standard Technique Plus Frontal Remodeling
					Type IV. Scaphocephaly: Total Cranial Vault Remodeling (Holocranial Dismantling)
					Type V. Trigonocephaly: Frontal Remodeling Without Fronto-­Orbital Bandeau
					Type VI. Anterior Plagiocephaly/Coronal Suture Synostosis: Frontal Remodeling Without Fronto-­Orbital Bandeau
					Type VII. Anterior Plagiocephaly/Coronal Suture Synostosis: Frontal Bilateral Remodeling With Fronto-­Orbital Bandeau
					Type VIII. Occipital Remodeling: Occipital Advancement
					Type IX. Standard Bilateral Fronto-­Orbital Advancement With Expansive Osteotomies
					Type X. Holocranial Dismantling (Total Vault Remodeling) in Multiple Craniosynostosis
					Type XI. Fronto-­Orbital Advancement by Distraction
			Recurrences
			Prognosis
			Complications
				Surgical Reoperations
				Type of Surgical Procedure
		Key References
		References
964 - Chapter 80 - Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures in the Pediatric Population
	80 - Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures in the Pediatric Population
		Definition
			Epidemiology
				Pathology and Pathophysiology
				Clinical and Radiologic Diagnosis
				Shunting
					Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts
					Ventriculopleural Shunts
					Ventriculoatrial Shunts
				Hardware Selection
					Valve Selection
					Ventricular and Distal Catheter Material Selection
					Patient and Operative Factors
					Shunt Malfunction
					Shunt Infection
					Shunt Overdrainage
					Slit Ventricle Syndrome
					Patients with Isolated Ventricles
					Introduction
					Patient Selection
					Preoperative Work-­up
					Surgical Equipment
					Operative Technique
					Postoperative Management
					Outcome and Complications
		Key References
		References
983 -  Section 4
983 - Chapter 81 - Surgical Management of Hydrocephalus in the Adult
	81 - Surgical Management of Hydrocephalus in the Adult
993 - Chapter 82 - Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures_ Ventriculo-Atrial, Ventriculo-Peritoneal, Ventriculo-Pleural, and Lumbo-Peritoneal Shunts
	82 - Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures: Ventriculo-­Atrial, Ventriculo-­Peritoneal, Ventriculo-­Pleural, and Lumbo-­Peritoneal Shunts
	Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures: Ventriculo-­Atrial, Ventriculo-­Peritoneal, Ventriculo-­Pleural, and Lumbo-­Peritoneal...
		Ventriculoatrial Shunt
			Surgical Procedure
				Proximal Approach Preparation
				Distal Approach Preparation
				Jugular Vein Access and J-­Guidewire Insertion
				Ventricular Insertion of the Proximal Catheter
				Distal Catheter Insertion and Incision Closure
				Contraindications and Potential Complications
			Ventriculo-­Peritoneal Shunt
				Indications
				Surgical Procedure
				Abdominal Access and Distal Catheter Placement
				Contraindications and Potential Complications
			Ventriculo-­Pleural Shunt
				Potential Complications
			Lumboperitoneal Shunt
				Indications
				Surgical Procedure
				Contraindications and Potential Complications
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1000 - Chapter 83 - Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy, Cerebral Aqueductoplasty, and Septum Pellucidotomy
	83 - Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy, Cerebral Aqueductoplasty, and Septum Pellucidotomy
		Introduction
			Historical Background of Neuroendoscopy
				Patient Selection
				Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement
				Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy With Choroid Plexus Cauterization
				Contraindications to Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy
				Preoperative Work-­Up
				Surgical Equipment
				Operative Technique
				Postoperative Monitoring
				Complications
				Conclusions
				Introduction
				Patient Selection
				Procedure
				Complications
				Conclusions
			Septum Pellucidotomy
				Complications
				Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1011 - Chapter 84 - Surgical Management of Cysts_ Intraventricular Cysts, Intraventricular Septations, and Extraventricular Arachnoid Cysts
	84 - Surgical Management of Cysts: Intraventricular Cysts, Intraventricular Septations, and Extraventricular Arachnoid Cysts
	Surgical Management of Cysts: Intraventricular Cysts, Intraventricular Septations, and Extraventricular Arachnoid Cysts
		Endoscopes
			Instruments
			Suprasellar Arachnoid Cysts
				Colloid Cysts
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1020 - Chapter 85 - Management of Shunt Infections
	85 - Management of Shunt Infections
		Introduction
			Etiology of Hydrocephalus
			Patient Age and Nutritional Status
			Surgical Technique
			Presentation and Clinical Features of Shunt Infection
			Mechanisms for Entry of Bacteria Into Shunts
				Microbiology and Pathogenesis
				Diagnosis
			Treatment
		References
1024 - Chapter 86 - Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks
	86 - Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks
		Conventions and Definitions
			Traumatic Leaks
				Nontraumatic Leaks
				Postoperative Leaks
			Pneumocephalus
			Meningitis
			Defining and Localizing a Fistula
				Glucose
					Reservoir Sign
					Target Sign
					Headache
					Other Confirmatory Evidence
				Imaging Techniques
					Plain Radiography and Computed Tomography
					Tracers
					Cisternography
					Immunologic Methods
			Anatomic Considerations: Sites of Leakage
				Trauma
				Spontaneous
			High-­Pressure Versus Low-­Pressure Leaks
			Initial Management
			Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion
				How Long to Drain
				Timing of Surgery
				Acute Posttraumatic Leaks
					Postoperative Leaks
				Indications for Surgical Intervention
				Operative Techniques
					Anterior Fossa
				Middle Fossa
				Posterior Fossa
				Lumbar Drainage
				Extracranial and Endoscopic Approaches
					Indications
				Special Techniques
				Evolving Techniques
					Transpalpebral Approach With Miniorbitofrontal Craniotomy for Repair of Anterior Cranial Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks
					The Transconjunctival Transorbital Approach for Anterior Cranial Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks
				Glues, Tissue Substitutes, Engineered Biomaterials, and Other Technical Considerations
				Tissue Adhesives and Sealants
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1037 - Chapter 87 - A Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
	87 - A Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
		Pathophysiology
			Clinical Presentation
				Ophthalmologic Manifestations
			Diagnosis
	A Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
		Neuroimaging
			Medical and Pharmacological Management
				Acetazolamide
				Topiramate
				Other Diuretics
			Surgical Management
				Background
					Outcomes
					Complications
					Lumbar Puncture
					Cerebral Spinal Fluid Shunting
					Cerebral Spinal Fluid Shunting Complications
				Dural Venous Sinus Stenting
					Background
					Outcomes
				Bariatric Surgery
					Background
					Outcomes
					Complications
					Background
					Gastric Endoscopic Bariatric and Metabolic Therapies
			Psychosocial Aspects of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
				Background
				Cognition and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
			Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1045 -  Section 5
1045 - Chapter 88 - Radiosurgery for Metastatic Brain Tumors
	88 - Radiosurgery for Metastatic Brain Tumors
		Introduction
		Head Ring Application
		Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Image Fusion
			Radiosurgery Treatment Planning
				Goals of Radiosurgery Treatment Planning
				Dose Concentration Through the Use of Intersecting Beams
				Treatment Planning Tools
					Multiple Isocenters
					Multileaf Collimators
			Dose Selection
				An Evidence-Based Analysis Of Radiosurgery for Metastatic Brain Tumors
					Whole-­Brain Radiation Therapy With or Without Surgery (Table 88.1)
					Whole-­Brain Radiation Therapy With or Without Radiosurgery (Table 88.2)
					Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Whole-­Brain Radiation Therapy Versus Surgery/Whole-­Brain Radiation Therapy (Table 88.3)
					Stereotactic Radiosurgery Alone Versus Whole-­Brain Radiation Therapy Alone (Table 88.4)
					Stereotactic Radiosurgery Versus Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Whole-­Brain Radiation Therapy (Table 88.5)
					The Neurocognitive Effects of Whole-­Brain Radiation Therapy
				Putting It All Together
		Key References
		References
1055 - Chapter 89 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia
	89 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Indications
	Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Gamma Knife Technique
			CyberKnife
			Linear Accelerators
			Ideal Dosage and Targeting
			Outcomes
			Comparison of Radiosurgery as Whole With Other Treatment Modalities
			Relevant Considerations of Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Key References
		References
1062 - Chapter 90 - Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Spinal Metastases
	90 - Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Spinal Metastases
		Rationale for Spine Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
			Treatment Planning Overview
			Patient/Tumor Assessment Overview
			Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for De Novo Spine Metastases
				Postoperative Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
				Reirradiation
					Patterns of Failure
					Radiographic Response
					Pain Response
					Pain flare
					Vertebral Compression Fractures
					Radiation-­Induced Myelopathy
					Myositis
					Gastrointestinal Toxicity
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1071 - Chapter 91 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pituitary Adenomas
	91 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pituitary Adenomas
1077 - Chapter 92 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cavernous Sinus Tumors
	92 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cavernous Sinus Tumors
		Meningiomas
	Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cavernous Sinus Tumors
		Schwannomas
			Pituitary Adenomas
			Hemangiomas
			Chordoma/Chondrosarcoma
			Metastatic Disease
			Treatment Planning
			Conclusion
		Key References
		References
1084 - Chapter 93 - Radiation Treatments in the Management of Craniopharyngiomas
	93 - Radiation Treatments in the Management of Craniopharyngiomas
		Introduction
			Surgical Outcomes
			Radiation Therapy for Craniopharyngiomas
				Endocavitary Radiation Therapy
				External Beam Radiation Therapy
				Stereotactic Radiosurgery
			CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Craniopharyngiomas: Our Experience
			Conclusions
			Disclosure
		Key References
		References
1091 - Chapter 94 - Vestibular Schwannomas_ The Role of Stereotactic Radiosurgery
	94 - Vestibular Schwannomas: The Role of Stereotactic Radiosurgery
		Radiosurgery Technique for Vestibular Schwannomas
	Vestibular Schwannomas: The Role of Stereotactic Radiosurgery
		Radiosurgical Dose Planning
			Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Clinical Results
				Hearing Preservation
			Facial Nerve and Trigeminal Nerve Preservation
				Neurofibromatosis 2
				Proton Beam Radiosurgery: Clinical Results
				Linac Radiosurgery: Clinical Results
				Stereotactic Radiation Therapy: Clinical Results
				Comparing Outcomes For Radiosurgery and Surgical Resection
				Tumor Control
				Hearing Preservation
				Facial Nerve Preservation
				Quality of Life
		Key References
		References
1100 - Chapter 95 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery Meningiomas
	95 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery Meningiomas
		Introduction/Background
			Cytopathology
			Guidelines and Evidence-­Based Recommendations
			Targeting Update
			Irradiation Techniques and Modalities
				Hadron Therapy
				Linear Accelerator
				Cyberknife
				Tomotherapy
				Gamma Knife
				Dose Planning
			Radiobiology
				Long-­Term Results
				Posterior Cranial Fossa Meningiomas
				WHO Grade II Meningiomas
				Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Radiation Therapy–Induced Meningiomas
				Elderly Patients Meningiomas
				Para- and Peri-Optic Meningiomas
				Combined ms–Stereotactic Radiosurgery Approach for Meningiomas
				Incidental Meningiomas
				Intraventricular Meningiomas
				Neurofibromatosis-­2–Associated Meningiomas
				Stereotactic Radiosurgery Retreatment
					Adverse Radiation Effect
					Peritumoral Imaging Changes
					Vasculopathy–Radiation Necrosis
					Cranial Neuropathy
					Other Effects
					Dose and Volume
				Risk of Tumorigenesis and Malignant Transformation
				Heavy Particle Versus Photon Stereotactic Radiosurgery
			Future Perspectives
		Key References
		References
1125 - Chapter 96 - Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
	96 - Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
		Outcomes After Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
			Arteriovenous Malformations Obliteration
	Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
		Eloquent Arteriovenous Malformations
			Thalamic and Basal Ganglia Arteriovenous Malformations
				Brainstem Arteriovenous Malformations
				Large Arteriovenous Malformations
				Grading Scales in Arteriovenous Malformations Radiosurgery Outcome Prediction
				Seizure Outcomes and Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
				Role of Preradiosurgery Arteriovenous Malformation Embolization
					Effect of Age on Outcomes
			Complications After Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
				Latency Period Hemorrhage
				Radiation-­Induced Changes After Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
				Delayed Cyst Formation and Radiation-­Induced Neoplasia After Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
				Conclusions
		Key References
		References
1134 - Chapter 97 - Radiosurgery for Functional Disorders and Epilepsy
	97 - Radiosurgery for Functional Disorders and Epilepsy
		Introduction
			Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia: Historical Insight
				Outcome Measures
				Stereotactic Radiosurgery Procedure for Trigeminal Neuralgia
					Target Placement
					Dose Selection
					Integral Dose on the Nerve
					Dose Rate
					CT-­Based Targeting
				Predictors for Initial Pain Relief (During the First 6 Months After Stereotactic Radiosurgery)
				Our Group’s Perspective
				Long-­Term Results
				Some Particular Situations
				Conclusions
				Introduction
				Stereotactic Radiosurgery Technique
				Main Series
				Conclusions
				Introduction
				Criteria for Surgical Candidates
				Surgical Options and Stereotactic Radiosurgery Results
				Introduction and Surgical Options
				Hypophysectomy by Stereotactic Radiosurgery
				Pathophysiological Mechanisms
				Conclusions
				Introduction and Clinical Aspects
				Pathophysiology
				Surgery for Drug-­Resistant Tremor
				Unilateral Vim Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Tremor
				Bilateral Vim Stereotactic Radiosurgery
				Future Research Directions
				Introduction
				Radiosurgery for Epilepsy: Preliminary Observations
				Indications
				Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
				Hypothalamic Hamartoma
				Corpus Callosotomy
				Overall Recommendations
		Key References
		References
2251 - Index
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