Schaum's Outline of Beginning Statistics, Second Edition (Schaum's Outline Series)

Contents......Page 10
Inferential Statistics: Population and Sample......Page 16
Variable, Observation, and Data Set......Page 17
Quantitative Variable: Discrete and Continuous Variable......Page 18
Qualitative Variable......Page 19
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, And Ratio Levels of Measurement......Page 20
Summation Notation......Page 21
Computer Software and Statistics......Page 23
Frequency Distribution for Qualitative Data......Page 31
Bar Graph......Page 32
Pie Chart......Page 33
Frequency Distribution for Quantitative Data......Page 34
Class Limits, Class Boundaries, Class Marks, and Class Width......Page 35
Single-Valued Classes......Page 36
Histograms......Page 37
Ogives......Page 39
Stem-and-Leaf Displays......Page 40
Mean, Median, and Mode for Ungrouped Data......Page 61
Measures of Dispersion......Page 63
Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data......Page 64
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion for Grouped Data......Page 66
Chebyshev’s Theorem......Page 67
Z Scores......Page 68
Measures of Position: Percentiles, Deciles, and Quartiles......Page 69
Box-and-Whisker Plot......Page 71
Tree Diagrams and the Counting Rule......Page 86
Probability......Page 88
Classical, Relative Frequency and Subjective Probability Definitions......Page 89
Marginal and Conditional Probabilities......Page 91
Mutually Exclusive Events......Page 92
Dependent and Independent Events......Page 93
Multiplication Rule for the Intersection of Events......Page 94
Addition Rule for the Union of Events......Page 95
Bayes’ Theorem......Page 96
Permutations and Combinations......Page 97
Using Permutations and Combinations to Solve Probability Problems......Page 98
Discrete Random Variable......Page 113
Probability Distribution......Page 114
Mean of a Discrete Random Variable......Page 115
Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable......Page 116
Binomial Random Variable......Page 117
Binomial Probability Formula......Page 118
Tables of the Binomial Distribution......Page 120
Poisson Random Variable......Page 121
Poisson Probability Formula......Page 122
Hypergeometric Random Variable......Page 123
Hypergeometric Probability Formula......Page 124
Uniform Probability Distribution......Page 139
Mean and Standard Deviation for the Uniform Probability Distribution......Page 140
Normal Probability Distribution......Page 141
Standard Normal Distribution......Page 143
Applications of the Normal Distribution......Page 147
Determining the z and x Values When an Area Under the Normal Curve is Known......Page 150
Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution......Page 152
Exponential Probability Distribution......Page 154
Probabilities for the Exponential Probability Distribution......Page 155
Using Random Number Tables......Page 167
Using the Computer to Obtain a Simple Random Sample......Page 168
Sampling Distribution of the Sampling Mean......Page 169
Mean and Standard Deviation of the Sample Mean......Page 171
Applications of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean......Page 173
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion......Page 175
Mean and Standard Deviation of the Sample Proportion......Page 176
Shape of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion and the Central Limit Theorem......Page 177
Applications of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion......Page 178
Confidence Interval for the Population Mean: Large Samples......Page 194
Maximum Error of Estimate for the Population Mean......Page 196
The t Distribution......Page 197
Confidence Interval for the Population Mean: Small Samples......Page 199
Confidence Interval for the Population Proportion: Large Samples......Page 202
Determining the Sample Size for the Estimation of the Population Mean......Page 203
Determining the Sample Size for the Estimation of the Population Proportion......Page 204
Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis......Page 215
Test Statistic, Critical Values, Rejection and Nonrejection Regions......Page 216
Type I and Type II Errors......Page 217
Hypothesis Tests About a Population Mean: Large Samples......Page 222
Calculating Type II Errors......Page 224
P Values......Page 227
Hypothesis Tests About a Population Mean: Small Samples......Page 230
Hypothesis Tests About a Population Proportion: Large Samples......Page 232
Sampling Distribution of X[sub(1)] – X[sub(2)] for Large Independent Samples......Page 244
Estimation of μ[sub(1)] – μ[sub(2)] Using Large Independent Samples......Page 245
Testing Hypothesis About μ[sub(1)] – μ[sub(2)] Using Large Independent Samples......Page 247
Sampling Distribution of X[sub(1)] – X[sub(2)] for Small Independent Samples from Normal Populations with Equal (but Unknown) Standard Deviations......Page 248
Estimation of μ[sub(1)] – μ[sub(2)] Using Small Independent Samples from Normal Populations with Equal (but Unknown) Standard Deviations......Page 249
Testing Hypothesis About μ[sub(1)] – μ[sub(2)] Using Small Independent Samples from Normal Populations with Equal (but Unknown) Standard Deviations......Page 250
Sampling Distribution of X[sub(1)] – X[sub(2)] For Small Independent Samples from Normal Populations with Unequal (and Unknown) Standard Deviations......Page 256
Estimation of μ[sub(1)] – μ[sub(2)] Using Small Independent Samples from Normal Populations with Unequal (and Unknown) Standard Deviations......Page 257
Testing Hypothesis About μ[sub(1)] – μ[sub(2)] Using Small Independent Samples from Normal Populations with Unequal (and Unknown) Standard Deviations......Page 259
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Variance......Page 297
Estimation of μ[sub(d)] Using Normally Distributed Differences Computed from Dependent Samples......Page 262
Testing Hypothesis About μ[sub(d)] Using Normally Distributed Differences Computed from Dependent Samples......Page 264
Sampling Distribution of P[sub(1)] = P[sub(2)] for Large Independent Samples......Page 266
Estimation of P[sub(1)] – P[sub(2)] Using Large Independent Samples......Page 267
Testing Hypothesis About P[sub(1)] – P[sub(2)] Using Large Independent Samples......Page 268
Chi-Square Distribution......Page 287
Chi-Square Tables......Page 288
Observed and Expected Frequencies......Page 289
Sampling Distribution of the Goodness-of-Fit Test Statistic......Page 290
Chi-Square Independence Test......Page 293
Sampling Distribution of the Test Statistic for the Chi-Square Independence Test......Page 294
Inferences Concerning the Population Variance......Page 299
F Distribution......Page 314
F Table......Page 315
Logic Behind a One-way ANOVA......Page 317
Sum of Squares, Mean Squares, and Degrees of Freedom for a One-Way ANOVA......Page 319
Building One-Way ANOVA Tables and Testing the Equality of Means......Page 322
Logic Behind a Two-Way ANOVA......Page 326
Sum of Squares, Mean Squares, and Degrees of Freedom for a Two-Way ANOVA......Page 329
Building Two-Way ANOVA Tables......Page 330
Testing Hypothesis Concerning Main Effects and Interaction......Page 331
Straight Lines......Page 354
Linear Regression Model......Page 355
Least-Squares Line......Page 357
Error Sum of Squares......Page 360
Standard Deviation of Errors......Page 361
Regression Sum of Squares......Page 362
Coefficient of Determination......Page 363
Inferences Concerning the Slope of the Population Regression Line......Page 364
Estimation and Prediction in Linear Regression......Page 365
Linear Correlation Coefficient......Page 367
Inference Concerning the Population Correlation Coefficient......Page 369
Nonparametric Methods......Page 383
Sign Test......Page 384
Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Two Dependent Samples......Page 386
Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Two Independent Samples......Page 388
Kruskal–Wallis Test......Page 391
Rank Correlation......Page 394
Runs Test for Randomness......Page 395
Appendix 1 Binomial Probabilities......Page 412
Appendix 2 Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 to Z......Page 418
Appendix 3 Area In the Right Tail Under the t Distribution Curve......Page 420
Appendix 4 Area In the Right Tail Under the Chi-square Distribution Curve......Page 422
Appendix 5 Area in the Right Tail Under the F Distribution Curve......Page 424
E......Page 426
P......Page 427
Z......Page 428