Scenarios, Stories, Use Cases: Through the Systems Development Life-Cycle

SCENARIOS, STORIES, USE CASES......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 15
BIOGRAPHIES AND PHOTOGRAPHS......Page 19
PART I OVERVIEW......Page 27
Context......Page 29
Stakeholders......Page 32
Story......Page 34
Simulation......Page 36
Sequence......Page 38
Structure......Page 40
Through the Life Cycle......Page 43
Types of System......Page 44
Military Operations......Page 45
Business ‘Systems’ and Processes......Page 46
References......Page 47
Recommended Reading......Page 48
Overview: The Crews Scenario Framework......Page 51
The Framework......Page 52
The Scenario Approaches Described in this Book......Page 54
References......Page 58
PART II SCENARIOS THROUGH THE SYSTEM LIFE-CYCLE: TECHNIQUES......Page 59
Applicability......Page 65
Strengths......Page 66
What Is a Requirements Scenario?......Page 67
A Business Event......Page 68
Normal Case Scenario......Page 69
Identifying Alternative Cases......Page 75
Identifying Exception Cases......Page 76
From Scenarios to Atomic Requirements......Page 77
Who Produces the Scenarios?......Page 80
Text Scenarios......Page 81
Story Boards......Page 82
Scenario Process Models......Page 83
When to Use Scenarios......Page 84
References......Page 85
Applicability......Page 87
Key Features......Page 88
Strengths and Weaknesses......Page 89
Technique......Page 90
Method Outline......Page 91
Inputs......Page 92
Workshop 1......Page 93
Between the Workshops......Page 95
Workshop 2......Page 97
Device Unifying Service......Page 99
Workshop 1—Day 1......Page 100
Post SUNA......Page 102
Comparisons......Page 103
Recommended Readings......Page 105
Applicability......Page 107
Customer Collaboration......Page 108
Strengths......Page 109
Weaknesses......Page 110
Technique......Page 111
Workshop Framework......Page 112
Role Playing......Page 114
Scenario Walkthroughs: Testing Use Cases......Page 115
Collaboration Patterns......Page 116
Iterating Through the Requirements......Page 118
Worked Example......Page 119
Workshop Pre-Work......Page 120
Workshop 1: Monday......Page 121
Workshop 2: Tuesday......Page 123
Workshop 4: Thursday......Page 124
Comparisons......Page 125
References......Page 126
Recommended Reading......Page 127
Applicability......Page 129
Weaknesses......Page 130
Requirements and Assumptions......Page 131
Generating Scenarios......Page 132
Assessing Stability......Page 133
Reviewing Requirement Stability......Page 134
Instability Propagation......Page 135
Goals/Requirements for MSAW......Page 136
Initial Assessment......Page 137
Propagation......Page 139
Comparisons......Page 141
References......Page 142
On Requirements Engineering......Page 143
Roles in the Life Cycle......Page 145
Technique......Page 146
Eliciting Hostile Roles......Page 147
Eliciting Misuse Cases......Page 148
Eliciting Exception Scenarios, Requirements, and Further Use Cases......Page 149
Automatic Analysis of Use/Misuse Case Relationships......Page 151
Generating Acceptance Test Cases......Page 152
Metaphorical Roles......Page 153
Defeating Detection......Page 154
Defeating the Handling of Intrusion......Page 155
Failure Cases......Page 157
FMEA, FTA, Functional Hazard Analysis, HazOp, and so on......Page 158
No Crystal Ball......Page 159
Abuse Cases......Page 160
Negative Scenarios......Page 161
i* and GRL......Page 162
The Place of the Negative Scenario or Misuse Case......Page 163
References......Page 164
Recommended Reading......Page 165
Position in the Life Cycle......Page 167
Key Features......Page 168
Why Do We Need Guidance on Authoring Use Cases?......Page 169
Use Case Attributes......Page 170
Other Attributes......Page 172
Guidelines for Authoring Use Cases......Page 173
General Use Case Guidelines......Page 174
Scenario/Use Case Style Guidelines......Page 175
Scenarios/Use Case Content Guidelines......Page 177
Short Example......Page 181
Comparisons......Page 184
References......Page 185
Recommended Reading......Page 186
Applicability......Page 187
The Art-Scene Process and Environment......Page 188
Art-Scene’s Research Provenance......Page 189
The Structure and Representation of an Art-Scene Scenario......Page 190
The Art-Scene Software Environment......Page 192
Facilitating Scenario Walkthroughs......Page 197
Worked Example......Page 199
Comparisons......Page 202
References......Page 203
Recommended Reading......Page 204
CHAPTER 10 THE ROLE OF SCENARIOS IN CONTEXTUAL DESIGN: FROM USER OBSERVATIONS TO WORK REDESIGN TO USE CASES......Page 205
Position in the Life Cycle......Page 206
Strengths......Page 207
Technique......Page 211
Techniques and Worked Example......Page 212
Interpretation Sessions......Page 213
Work Modeling......Page 214
Consolidation......Page 216
Visioning......Page 218
Storyboarding......Page 220
User Environment Design......Page 225
Paper Prototyping, Mock-Up Interviews and Initial User Interface Design......Page 228
Using Contextual Design Deliverables to Generate Use Cases and Implementation Models......Page 230
Lessons Learnt......Page 231
Comparisons......Page 232
References......Page 233
Recommended Readings......Page 234
Applicability......Page 237
Key Features......Page 238
Scenarios in the Method......Page 239
User Stories......Page 240
Concrete Scenarios......Page 241
Scenario Corpus......Page 244
Design Language......Page 245
Abstraction......Page 246
Specifying Requirements......Page 247
Prototyping, Envisionment and Evaluation......Page 248
Summary......Page 249
Worked Example......Page 250
User Story......Page 251
Conceptual Scenario......Page 252
Design Language......Page 255
Conclusion......Page 257
Comparisons......Page 258
Acknowledgements......Page 259
Recommended Reading......Page 260
Applicability......Page 263
Weaknesses......Page 264
The Use Case—Centred Requirements Framework......Page 265
Summary and Comparisons......Page 288
References......Page 289
Recommended Reading......Page 290
Applicability......Page 291
Applicability II—Why User Stories?......Page 292
Key Features......Page 293
Weaknesses......Page 294
Users: Tellers of Stories......Page 295
Story Characteristics and Typography......Page 297
Ordering and Completing Stories......Page 299
Confirming Stories......Page 300
Worked Example......Page 301
Comparisons......Page 304
Recommended Reading......Page 305
Position in the Life Cycle......Page 307
Weaknesses......Page 308
Background: The V-Model......Page 309
A One-to-Many Mapping......Page 310
Slaying the Hydra......Page 311
Prioritising the Tests......Page 313
Tool Support......Page 314
Do Scenarios Yield Test Cases or Test Case Classes?......Page 315
Inputs......Page 316
Input Validation......Page 317
Identifying Classes of Test Cases......Page 318
Generating Classes of Test Cases......Page 320
Selecting Environmental Conditions for Test Cases......Page 321
Testers’ Domain Knowledge......Page 322
References......Page 323
Recommended Reading......Page 324
Position in the Life Cycle......Page 325
Introduction......Page 326
Muddled Process Levelling......Page 328
Systems Engineering ‘in the small’......Page 330
Systems Engineering ‘in the large’......Page 333
Combining Models......Page 341
Meta-Process......Page 342
Conclusion......Page 349
Recommended Reading......Page 350
PART III SCENARIOS IN ACTION: CASE STUDIES......Page 351
Applicability......Page 355
Introduction......Page 356
Automotive Software Development......Page 357
Stories in Requirements Discovery, Negotiation and Communication......Page 360
Stories in Requirements Analysis......Page 362
Identifying Feature Interactions and Conflicts......Page 364
Relating Stories to Features......Page 365
Requirements Recycling by Reusing Stories......Page 366
Lessons Learnt......Page 368
Keywords......Page 371
References......Page 372
Type of Project......Page 373
Weaknesses......Page 374
Background......Page 375
Approach......Page 376
Lessons Learnt......Page 378
Keywords......Page 379
Roles Played by Scenarios......Page 380
Case Study......Page 381
Lessons Learnt......Page 386
Summary......Page 387
References......Page 388
Applicability......Page 389
Strengths......Page 390
Weaknesses......Page 391
Use Case Modelling......Page 392
Use Case Descriptions......Page 394
Scenario Walkthroughs......Page 396
Workshop Environment......Page 397
Requirements versus Time......Page 398
Domain-Specific Scenarios......Page 399
Requirement Types......Page 400
How Many Scenarios Do We Need?......Page 401
References......Page 402
Applicability......Page 405
Weaknesses......Page 406
Case Study......Page 407
Scenarios......Page 408
Quality Requirements......Page 409
Architecturally Significant Requirements (ASRs)......Page 410
Refinement of ASRs......Page 411
Software Architecture......Page 412
Examples in Documenting Specific Quality Characteristics......Page 413
Lessons Learnt......Page 415
Suggestions for Emerging Markets......Page 416
References......Page 417
Applicability......Page 419
Strengths......Page 420
Weaknesses......Page 421
Background......Page 422
Our Approach to the Project......Page 424
How Scenarios were Used......Page 427
Lessons Learnt......Page 434
References......Page 435
Type of Project......Page 437
Weaknesses......Page 438
Background to the Case Study......Page 439
The RE Framework......Page 441
Lessons Learnt......Page 451
References......Page 452
PART IV THE WAY AHEAD......Page 455
Which Kind of Scenario, When?......Page 457
Which Scenario Technique, When? Conclusions from Part 2......Page 458
Who, and Why?......Page 461
Scenarios Everywhere?......Page 462
How Does Project Scale Affect Scenario Usage?......Page 463
Into Practice: Conclusions from the Part 3 Case Studies......Page 465
Do Scenarios Replace Requirements?......Page 466
Getting Started......Page 469
References......Page 470
Challenges in Teaching Students to Make Use......Page 471
Comparisons—Scenarios for Making Use......Page 472
Why Case-Based?......Page 475
The Usability Case Study Library......Page 476
Browsing the Usability Cases......Page 478
Case-Based Learning Activities......Page 480
Student Performance and Reactions......Page 481
Strengths and Weaknesses......Page 484
Discussion and Future Directions......Page 485
Keywords......Page 487
References......Page 488
Recommended Readings......Page 489
Continuous Behaviour......Page 491
Fragmentary Models......Page 492
Which Representation?......Page 493
Summary......Page 494
References......Page 495
Representation......Page 497
Process......Page 498
Dissemination......Page 499
References......Page 500
APPENDIX 1 SCENARIO-BASED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TEMPLATES......Page 501
APPENDIX 2 EXERCISES......Page 525
APPENDIX 3 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES......Page 527
GLOSSARY......Page 533
INDEX......Page 539