Scandium: Its Occurrence, Chemistry, Physics, Metallurgy, Biology and Technology

Front Cover......Page 1
Scandium: Its Occurrence, Chemistry, Physics, Metallurgy, Biology and Technology......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 10
List of Contributors......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 9
1. The prediction of eka-boron......Page 18
2. The discovery of scandium......Page 19
3. Early investigations......Page 25
4. Intensive investigations......Page 26
References......Page 32
1. Cosmic abundance and occurrence in meteorites......Page 35
2. Occurrence in sun and moon......Page 40
3. Occurrence in earth\'s atmosphere and waters......Page 43
4. Occurrence in soils......Page 48
5. Occurrence in oils, coals and fertilizers......Page 54
6. Occurrence in other various materials......Page 56
References......Page 58
2. Scandium minerals......Page 67
3. Abundance in rock-forming minerals......Page 70
4. Abundance in common rock types......Page 74
References......Page 79
2. Derivation......Page 83
4. Metal preparation......Page 88
References......Page 91
1. Introduction......Page 93
3. Nuclear properties......Page 96
4. Polymorphism and crystal structure......Page 97
6. Thermodynamic properties......Page 98
7. Magnetic susceptibility......Page 100
8. Electrical properties......Page 104
9. Nuclear magnetic resonance......Page 109
10. Band structure......Page 110
12. Thermal expansion......Page 112
13. Thermal conductivity......Page 113
14. Elastic properties......Page 114
15. Mechanical properties......Page 117
16. Fabrication and workability......Page 119
17. Oxidation and nitration......Page 120
19. Diffusion......Page 121
References......Page 122
2. Oxygen-containing compounds......Page 128
3. Halides......Page 141
4. Nitrogen containing compounds......Page 145
References......Page 149
1. Discovery of the isotopes......Page 156
2. Properties of ground state and isomeric state decays......Page 157
3. Nuclear configurations and level structure......Page 160
References......Page 167
1. Introduction......Page 169
2. Binary Compounds......Page 171
3. Ternary and more complex non-oxy compounds......Page 198
4. Ternary and more complex oxy compounds......Page 212
References......Page 252
1. Introduction......Page 269
2. Alloy theory and summary of physical properties......Page 270
3. Scandium—intra rare earth alloys......Page 278
4. Binary alloys with non-rare \rearth metals......Page 287
5. Ternary and higher alloy systems......Page 324
References......Page 332
2. Organoscandium compounds......Page 340
3. Coordination compounds with nitrogen donor ligands......Page 344
4. Coordination compounds with oxygen donor ligands......Page 356
5. Coordination compounds with nitrogen and oxygen donor ligands......Page 384
6. Coordination compounds with phosphorus and sulphur donor ligands......Page 391
References......Page 392
1. Introduction......Page 402
2. Separation methods......Page 403
3. Determination methods......Page 424
4. Standard and reference samples, high-purity materials and scandium chemicals available......Page 476
5. Epilogue......Page 481
Appendix 11.1 (List of abbreviations)......Page 482
References......Page 484
2. Metallurgical applications......Page 506
3. Ceramic applications......Page 507
5. Electronics......Page 508
6. Lighting and phosphors......Page 509
7. Nuclear......Page 510
References......Page 511
2. Occurrence in plants......Page 514
3. Occurrence in animals......Page 521
4. Occurrence in humans......Page 525
References......Page 526
2. Significance in plants......Page 530
3. Significance in animals......Page 536
4. Significance in humans......Page 540
5. Biochemical functions......Page 542
6. Biological uses of scandium radionuclides......Page 547
References......Page 549
1. General considerations......Page 552
3. Chronic toxicity......Page 553
4. Ocular effects......Page 554
6. Pathological and other effects......Page 555
7. Pharmacological effects......Page 556
8. Carcinogenic studies......Page 560
9. Radiotoxicity......Page 561
References......Page 563
Author Index......Page 566
Subject Index......Page 604