Scandinavia and South America―A Tale of Two Capitalisms: Essays on Comparative Developments in Trade, Industrialisation and Inequality since 1850

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction: A Tale of Two Capitalisms
	1 Regional Characteristics
	2 Settler Economies
	3 Brazil in South America
	4 Scandinavia in the Swedish Mirror
	5 Comparing Sweden with Brazil
	6 Chapter-Wise Account
	References
2 Scandinavia and South America: A Renewed Tradition of Comparative Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 South America and Scandinavia in a Comparative Context
	3 Lessons from the Literature Review
	References
3 Trade Specialization, Industrial Growth and Economic Development in the Nordic and the Southern Settler Societies, 1870–1970
	1 Introduction
	2 The Stylized Facts
		2.1 Crossing Roads
		2.2 Industrialization, Structural Change and Industrial Exports
	3 Theories About Structural Change and Economic Growth
	4 How Can Differences Be Explained?
		4.1 The Levels at the Point of Departure
		4.2 Staple Theory
		4.3 The Tyranny of Distance
		4.4 Demographic Dynamics and Economic Growth: The Case of Natural Resources
		4.5 Inequality and Growth
	5 In Short
	References
4 Foreign Trade and Economic Growth in the Nordic Countries, Australasia and the Rio De La Plata Region, 1870–1970
	1 Introduction
	2 Economic Growth 1870–1970 in the Three Regions
		2.1 1870–1930
		2.2 1930–1970
	3 GDP and Foreign Trade
		3.1 Trade Shares and Terms of Trade
	4 The Theory of Balance-Of-Payments-Constrained growth—Thirlwall’s Law
	5 Estimation of Import and Export Demand Functions
		5.1 Export and Import Demand Functions, 1870–1970
		5.2 Export and Import Demand Functions, 1870–1913
		5.3 Export and Import Demand Functions, 1950–1970
	6 Predictions of Thirlwall’s Law and Economic Growth in Three Regions
	7 Summary and Conclusion
	Appendix: Sources for Data
	References
5 Coming Full Circle: Brazilian/Swedish Labour Productivity Ratios in Manufacturing, 1912–2014
	1 Introduction
	2 Data and Method
		2.1 Swedish Industrial Statistics
		2.2 Brazilian Industrial Census
		2.3 Methodology of Productivity Benchmark
	3 Results of Productivity Benchmarks
	4 Establishing the Long-Term Record
		4.1 Time Series for Sweden
		4.2 Time Series for Brazil
		4.3 Comparative Levels of Labour Productivity
	5 The Comparative Record in Historical Context
		5.1 Industrialization Pre-World War II
		5.2 Brazilian Zeal and Swedish Maturity: ca 1950–1980
		5.3 Swedish Boom and Brazilian Bust: 1980–
	6 Conclusion
	References
6 The Role of Education in Modernization Drives in Brazil and in Sweden
	1 Introduction
	2 Brazil, 1870–1930
		2.1 Background
		2.2 Education Reforms
		2.3 Education, Globalization and Modernization
	3 Sweden, 1870–1910
		3.1 Background
		3.2 Education Reforms in the Nineteenth Century
		3.3 Education, Globalization and Modernization
	4 Comparative Analysis 1870–1930
	5 Brazil 1945–1973
		5.1 Structural and Political Change
		5.2 Increasing Demand for Education
		5.3 Conflicts and Changes in the Education System
		5.4 Education and Modernization
	6 Sweden 1945–1973
		6.1 Structural Changes in Society and Economy
		6.2 Increasing Demand for Education
		6.3 Transformation of the Education System
		6.4 Education and Modernization
	7 Comparative Analysis 1945–1973
	8 Concluding Remarks
	References
7 Land-Ownership Systems and Agrarian Income Distribution in Denmark, New Zealand and Uruguay During the First Globalization Era and Beyond
	1 Introduction
	2 Landholding Systems and the Distribution of Ownership Rights
		2.1 Denmark
		2.2 New Zealand
		2.3 Uruguay
	3 Distribution of Land Ownership and Tenancy Systems
	4 The Evolution of Factor Prices and the Functional Distribution of Income in the Agrarian Sector
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Appendix: Sources for Data
		Agrarian GDP
		Wages
		Rents
		Profits
	References
8 Poles Apart? Living Standards and Inequality by Labour Market Outcomes in Brazil and Sweden, ca. 1830–1920
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Labour Markets
	3 Comparing Standards of Living, ca. 1830–1920
		3.1 GDP Per Capita
		3.2 Comparing Workers’ Standards of Living
	4 Inequality by Labour Market Outcomes
		4.1 Regional Wage Differentials
		4.2 Differences by Occupation, Skills, and Sex
	5 Concluding Discussion
	References
9 Does Democratization Cause Redistribution? Evidence from Sweden and Brazil
	1 Introduction
	2 The Swedish Case Study
		2.1 Historical Background on Democratization
		2.2 Trends in Taxation, Social Spending, and Inequality
		2.3 Democratization and Redistributive Reforms
	3 The Brazilian Case Study
		3.1 Historical Background on Democratization
		3.2 Trends in Taxation, Social Spending, and Inequality
		3.3 Democratization and Redistributive Reforms
	4 Conclusions
	References
10 Conclusions: Comparative Developments in Trade, Industrialization, and Inequality Since 1850
	1 Trade
	2 Industrialization
	3 Inequality
	References
Index