Scale Formation in Heat Exchangers

Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
	Greek
	Subscripts
1 Basic Concepts of Fouling in Heat Transfer System
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Fouling Formation Importance in Heat Exchangers
		1.2.1 Heat Exchangers
		1.2.2 Fouling Costs for Industries
	1.3 Heat Exchangers Problems in the Presence of Fouling
		1.3.1 Environmental Problems of Fouling
	1.4 Basic Concepts of Fouling Formation
		1.4.1 Fundamental Boiling Mechanisms
		1.4.2 Fouling Mechanisms
	1.5 Formulation to Determine Fouling Resistance and Net Fouling Rate
	1.6 Sequential Events in Fouling
		1.6.1 Initiation
		1.6.2 Transport
		1.6.3 Attachment
		1.6.4 Removal
		1.6.5 Aging
	1.7 Fouling Curve
	1.8 Change in Fouling Thickness Over Time
	1.9 Introduction of Salt Deposits
		1.9.1 Crystallography of Calcium Salts
		1.9.2 Calcium Salts Solubility
	1.10 Considering Fouling on Design Stage (Practical Examples)
	References
2 Induction Period in Crystallization Fouling
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Process Parameters Affecting the Induction Period
		2.1.2 Interface Parameters Affecting the Induction Period
		2.1.3 Anti-fouling Strategies Related to Induction Period
	2.2 Effects of Flow Velocity
	2.3 Effect of Bulk and Surface Temperature
	2.4 Effect of Salt Concentration
	2.5 Effect of Heat Flux
	2.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
3 Growth Period in Crystallization Fouling
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Effects of Flow Velocity
	3.3 Effect of Bulk and Surface Temperature
	3.4 Effect of Concentration
	3.5 Effect of Heat Flux
	3.6 Effect of pH
	3.7 Concluding Remarks
	References