Satellite Measurements of Clouds and Precipitation: Theoretical Basis (Springer Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry)

Preface
Contents
Acronyms
Part I General Background
1 Introduction
	References
2 Satellite Missions and Instruments
	2.1 Satellite Missions
		2.1.1 Overview
		2.1.2 Operational Satellite Missions
		2.1.3 Research Satellite Missions
	2.2 Satellite Instruments
		2.2.1 Overview
		2.2.2 Imagers and Radiometers
		2.2.3 Sounders
		2.2.4 Radars and Lidars
	References
3 Satellite Orbit and Scan
	3.1 Orbital Mechanics
		3.1.1 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
		3.1.2 Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
	3.2 Scanning Geometry
		3.2.1 Field of View (FOV)
		3.2.2 GEO Imager Scan
		3.2.3 LEO Sensor Scan
	References
Part II Basic Physics
4 Principles of Statistical Mechanics
	4.1 Particle Distribution Functions in Phase Space
		4.1.1 Phase Space and Density of States
		4.1.2 Canonical Ensemble
		4.1.3 Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Statistics: Derivation
		4.1.4 Fermi-Dirac Statistics: Basic Properties
		4.1.5 Bose-Einstein Statistics: Basic Properties
		4.1.6 Boltzmann Statistics
	4.2 Boltzmann Equation
		4.2.1 Boltzmann Equation for Non-relativistic Particles
		4.2.2 Conservation Laws for Non-relativistic Particles
		4.2.3 Boltzmann Equation for Photons
		4.2.4 The Conservation Laws for Photons
		4.2.5 Radiative Transfer Equation and Optical Depth
	Reference
5 Principles of Electrodynamics and Geometrical Optics
	5.1 Electrodynamics
		5.1.1 Maxwell\'s Equations
		5.1.2 Refractive Index and Dielectric Function
		5.1.3 Poynting Vector
		5.1.4 Mie\'s Solution
		5.1.5 Approaches to Non-spherical Particle Scattering
	5.2 Geometrical Optics
		5.2.1 Angles of Reflection and Refraction
		5.2.2 Amplitudes of Reflected and Transmitted Rays
		5.2.3 Reflectivity and Transmittivity
		5.2.4 Fraunhofer Diffraction and Airy Pattern
	References
6 General Theory of Radiative Processes
	6.1 Absorption and Emission of Radiation
		6.1.1 Planck Function
		6.1.2 Einstein Coefficients and Kirchhoff\'s Law
	6.2 Gas Spectrum
		6.2.1 Overview
		6.2.2 Microwave Water-Vapor Bands
		6.2.3 Microwave Oxygen Bands
		6.2.4 Infrared Molecular Bands
	6.3 Condensate Spectrum
		6.3.1 Overview
		6.3.2 Microwave Properties of Water Condensate
		6.3.3 Infrared Properties of Water Condensate
	References
Part III Measurement Principles
7 Infrared Sensing
	7.1 Radiative Transfer in Non-scattering Atmospheres
		7.1.1 Infrared Properties of Cloud Particles
		7.1.2 Mathematical Formulation and Solution
		7.1.3 Absorption and Emission Lines
		7.1.4 Infrared Brightness Temperature
	7.2 Infrared Spectrum of the Atmosphere
		7.2.1 Effects of Water Vapor
		7.2.2 Effects of Clouds
	7.3 Infrared Properties of Clouds
		7.3.1 Split-Window BTD Method
		7.3.2 Detection of Cloud Thermodynamic Phase
		7.3.3 CO2 Slicing Method
	7.4 Summary
	References
8 Visible/Near-Infrared Imaging
	8.1 Radiative Transfer in Scattering Atmospheres
		8.1.1 Mathematical Formulation and Solution for ων=1
		8.1.2 Mathematical Formulation and Solution for ωνneq1
	8.2 Visible/Near-Infrared Spectrum of the Atmosphere
		8.2.1 Clouds with Different Optical Depths
		8.2.2 Clouds with Different Effective Radii
	8.3 Visible/Near-Infrared Properties of Clouds
		8.3.1 Liquid/Ice Water Path and Cloud Effective Radius
		8.3.2 Visible Versus Infrared Optical Depth of Clouds
		8.3.3 Retrieval of Cloud Optical Depth and Effective Radius
	8.4 Scattering Phase Function
		8.4.1 Rayleigh Scattering Phase Function
		8.4.2 Phase Function from Mie\'s Solution
		8.4.3 Phase Function of Hexagonal Ice Columns
		8.4.4 Detection of Cloud Thermodynamic Phase
	8.5 Summary
	References
9 Microwave Radiometry
	9.1 Radiative Transfer in Scattering and Emitting Atmospheres
		9.1.1 Microwave Properties of Precipitating Particles
		9.1.2 Mathematical Formulation and Solution
		9.1.3 Microwave Brightness Temperature
	9.2 Surface Microwave Emissivity
		9.2.1 Brief Theoretical Basis
		9.2.2 Ocean Surface Emissivity
		9.2.3 Land Surface Emissivity
		9.2.4 Regional Variability
	9.3 Microwave Spectrum of the Atmosphere
		9.3.1 Effects of Water Vapor
		9.3.2 Effects of Clouds
		9.3.3 Effects of Precipitation
	9.4 Microwave Precipitation Measurement
		9.4.1 Surface Rainfall and Microwave Brightness Temperature
		9.4.2 Non-uniform Beam-Filling (NUBF) Effect
		9.4.3 Polarization Corrected Temperature (PCT)
	9.5 Microwave Sounding of Temperature and Humidity
		9.5.1 Measuring Principles of Satellite Sounding
		9.5.2 Precipitation Measurements by Microwave Sounders
	9.6 Summary
	References
10 Active Remote Sensing
	10.1 Radar Equation
		10.1.1 Antenna Gain and Effective Aperture
		10.1.2 Back-Scattering Cross Section
		10.1.3 Scattering Volume
		10.1.4 Radar Equation
		10.1.5 Radar Reflectivity Factor
		10.1.6 Effect of Attenuation
	10.2 Radar Measurements of Clouds and Precipitation
		10.2.1 Z-W, Z-R, and k-Z Relations
		10.2.2 Basic Properties of Radar Reflectivity Factor
		10.2.3 Attenuation Correction
		10.2.4 Radar Measurements of Ice Clouds and Snow
	10.3 Lidar Observations of Clouds
		10.3.1 Lidar Equation
		10.3.2 Lidar Detection of Clouds
		10.3.3 Depolarization Ratio
	10.4 Summary
	References
11 Mathematical Basis of Retrieval Algorithms
	11.1 Forward and Inverse Problems
	11.2 Bayes\' Theorem
	11.3 Inversion Models
		11.3.1 Bayesian Estimation
		11.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
		11.3.3 Deterministic Estimation
	11.4 Summary
	References
Part IV Applications
12 Global Datasets of Clouds and Precipitation
	12.1 Data Processing Levels
	12.2 Global Cloud Datasets
		12.2.1 Cloud Variables
		12.2.2 Cloud Datasets
	12.3 Global Precipitation Datasets
		12.3.1 Multi-satellite Precipitation Datasets
		12.3.2 Global Distribution of Precipitation
	References
13 Satellite Data Simulators
	13.1 Overview
	13.2 Satellite Data Simulations for This Book
		13.2.1 Model Atmospheres
		13.2.2 Cloud Microphysics
		13.2.3 Simulation Setups
	References
Index