Satellite Communications and Networks

Note from the Series Editor
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1: Introduction
	1.1 Role of Satellite Technologies in Modern Society
	1.2 Definitions for Key Concepts and Terms
	1.3 A Short History of Satellite Communications
	1.4 Stakeholders in SatCom Systems
	1.5 Required Technologies, Protocols, and Frequencies
		1.5.1 Layered Protocol Model
		1.5.2 Satellite Frequency Bands
	1.6 Visionary Application Fields Where Satellite Systems and Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Networks Are Needed
	1.7 Summary
	Exercises
	References
2: Satellite Orbits and Constellation Design
	2.1 Phases of a Satellite Lifetime
		2.1.1 Launching Satellites into Orbit
		2.1.2 Operation in the Orbit
		2.1.3 Deorbiting the Satellite
	2.2 Defining Satellite Motion and Its Orbit
		2.2.1 Kepler´s Laws
		2.2.2 Orbital Elements
		2.2.3 Satellite Link Geometry
		2.2.4 Useful Orbits for Satellite Communications (GEO, MEO, LEO)
		2.2.5 Orbital Ground Tracks
	2.3 Orbit Perturbations
	2.4 Satellite Constellations and Their Design Method Principles
		2.4.1 Existing Satellite Constellations
		2.4.2 Walker Constellation Design Method
		2.4.3 Streets-of-Coverage Method
		2.4.4 Discontinuous Coverage: Sparse Constellations
	2.5 Summary
	Exercises
	References
3: Satellite System Architecture and Different Types of Satellites
	3.1 High-Level Architecture of a Satellite Communications System
		3.1.1 User Segment: Terminals and Their Antennas
		3.1.2 Ground Segment
			Example 3.1
	3.2 Satellite Platform
		3.2.1 Overview
		3.2.2 Description of the Subsystems
	3.3 Communication Payload
		3.3.1 Bent-Pipe Payloads (Transparent)
		3.3.2 Regenerative and Software-Defined Payloads
	3.4 Types of Satellites Used Currently: Categorization Based on Mass
		3.4.1 Large Satellites
		3.4.2 Medium Satellites
		3.4.3 Small Satellites: The Mini Category
		3.4.4 Micro- and Nanosatellites: The CubeSat World
	3.5 Summary
	Exercises
	References
4: Air Interface: The Physical Layer and Antennas
	4.1 Digital Communication Signals
		4.1.1 Baseband Signals
		4.1.2 Digital Modulation
			Example 4.1
			Example 4.2
		4.1.3 Description of Modulation Methods
			Example 4.3
	4.2 Error Control Strategies in Satellite Communication Systems
		Example 4.4
		4.2.1 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
		4.2.2 Channel Coding: Forward Error Correction (FEC)
			Example 4.5
		4.2.3 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
		4.2.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
	4.3 Antenna Technologies
		4.3.1 Phased Array Antennas
			Example 4.6
		4.3.2 Multi-Beam Satellites
	4.4 Satellite Link and Channel Model
		4.4.1 Link Budget
			Example 4.7
		4.4.2 Useful Channel and Atmospheric Models
		4.4.3 Doppler Shift Effect for LEO Satellite Systems
			Example 4.8
	4.5 Air Interfaces Used in SatCom Systems
		4.5.1 DVB-S2X
		4.5.2 LoRaWAN
		4.5.3 5G NR Interface
	4.6 Summary
	Exercises
	References
5: Medium Access in Satellite Networks
	5.1 Satellite Network Topologies
		5.1.1 Description of Different Topologies
		5.1.2 Comparison Between Star and Mesh Topologies
	5.2 Classification of MAC Protocols
	5.3 Contention-Free MAC Protocols
		5.3.1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
			Example 5.1 Situation in the Example Figure
			Example 5.2. Six Stations Equally Sharing the Available Satellite Channel
		5.3.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
			Example 5.3
		5.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
			Example 5.4
		5.3.4 Modern Approaches: OFDMA and NOMA
	5.4 Contention-Based Random Access Protocols
		5.4.1 Basic Principles
			Example 5.5
		5.4.2 Slotted Random Access
		5.4.3 Unslotted Random Access for Satellite Systems
		5.4.4 Delay Considerations for Random Access
	5.5 Demand-Based Allocations and Beam-Hopping Satellites
		5.5.1 Principles of Operation: Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA)
		5.5.2 Joint Medium Access and Beam-Hopping Design
	5.6 Summary
	Exercises
	References
6: Network Layer and Transport Layer
	6.1 Network Functions and Network-Level Metrics
		6.1.1 Network Protocols
		6.1.2 Network-Level Performance Metrics
			Example 6.1
	6.2 Traffic Measurements and Modeling
	6.3 Network Reference Models: OSI and IP
		6.3.1 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
		6.3.2 The TCP/IP Reference Model
	6.4 Packet Switched Networks
	6.5 Internet Protocol (IP)
		6.5.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
		6.5.2 TCP Over Satellite
		6.5.3 Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP)
		6.5.4 IPSec and Tunneling
		6.5.5 End-to-End QoS Management
		6.5.6 QUIC Protocol
			Example 6.2
	6.6 IP Over DVB-S/DVB-RCS Networks: Encapsulation
	6.7 Satellite Networking: Selected Topics
		6.7.1 Connectivity Over Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs)
		6.7.2 Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN)
		6.7.3 Handovers in LEO Networks
			Example 6.3
		6.7.4 Multicasting
	6.8 Software-Defined Networking as Future-Proof Approach
		6.8.1 Network Slicing
		6.8.2 Open RAN (O-RAN) Architecture
	6.9 Summary
	Exercises
	References
7: Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Networks and 5G/6G NTN Technology
	7.1 Integrating Satellite and Terrestrial Networks Together
		7.1.1 Drivers for Integration
		7.1.2 Internet Services with Current Satellites and Point-of-Presence (PoP)
		7.1.3 Short History of Integrated Networking in 3GPP: From 1G to 5G and Beyond
		7.1.4 Architecture Options
	7.2 3GPP Non-Terrestrial Networks
		7.2.1 Overview of the NTN Standard: Main Use Cases
		7.2.2 Architecture of the NTN System
		7.2.3 Time and Frequency Synchronization
			Example 7.1
		7.2.4 Mobility Across NTN and TN Networks
			Example 7.2
	7.3 Direct Handheld Connections
	7.4 MTC over NTN Connectivity
	7.5 Three-Dimensional (3D) Networks: Toward 6G
		7.5.1 Architecture
		7.5.2 What Will 6G Be?
	7.6 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
		7.6.1 Use Cases for Spectrum Sharing
		7.6.2 Interference Estimation: Secondary Terrestrial Use of the Satellite Downlink Band
			Example 7.3
		7.6.3 Database-Assisted Spectrum Sharing
	7.7 Summary
	Exercises
	References
8: Sustainability, Space Safety, and Cybersecurity
	8.1 Sustainability as a Driver of Development
	8.2 Space Congestion: The Number of Satellites in Orbit
		8.2.1 The Situation in the 2020s
		8.2.2 Limited Frequencies and Orbital Slots
			Example 8.1
		8.2.3 Congestion and Risk of Collisions
	8.3 What Is Space Safety?
		8.3.1 Spectrum Management
		8.3.2 Space Traffic Management
		8.3.3 Debris Shielding, Detection, and Avoidance
		8.3.4 Environmental Impacts
		8.3.5 Space Weather
		8.3.6 Near-Earth Objects and Deep Space Communications
	8.4 Cybersecurity in Satellite Networks: An Overview
		8.4.1 Threats and Attacks
		8.4.2 Countermeasures and the NIST Framework
	8.5 The Ground Segment as a Critical Asset
	8.6 Cybersecurity for Integrated Networks
		8.6.1 Security Attacks on Satellite-Terrestrial Systems
		8.6.2 Solutions to Identified Threats
	8.7 Threats and Solutions for Software-Defined Satellites
	8.8 Summary
	Exercises
	References
Solution Manual for Satellite Communications and Networks
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
Index