SAS Certification Prep Guide Advanced Programming for SAS ® 9, Fourth Edition

Contents......Page 3
  Prerequisites......Page 11
  SAS Studio and SAS University Edition......Page 12
  Exams......Page 13
 Syntax Conventions......Page 14
SQL Processing with SAS......Page 17
 Performing Queries Using PROC SQL......Page 19
   Overview......Page 20
   How PROC SQL Is Unique......Page 21
   Overview......Page 22
   The SELECT Statement......Page 23
   Overview......Page 24
   Creating New Columns......Page 25
  Specifying the Table......Page 26
   Overview......Page 27
   Ordering by Multiple Columns......Page 28
   Overview......Page 29
   Specifying Columns That Appear in Multiple Tables......Page 30
   Specifying a Join Condition......Page 31
   Ordering Rows......Page 32
   Example......Page 33
   Summary Functions......Page 34
   Example......Page 35
   Text Summary......Page 36
  Quiz......Page 38
 Performing Advanced Queries Using PROC SQL......Page 41
   Introduction......Page 42
  Viewing SELECT Statement Syntax......Page 43
   Using SELECT *......Page 44
   Overview......Page 45
   Example......Page 46
   Example......Page 47
   Overview......Page 48
   Using Operators in PROC SQL......Page 49
   Using the CONTAINS or Question Mark (?) Operator to Selecta String......Page 50
   Using the IN Operator to Select Values from a List......Page 51
   Example......Page 52
   Using the LIKE Operator to Select a Pattern......Page 53
   Example......Page 54
   Using the Sounds-Like (=*) Operator to Select a Spelling Variation......Page 55
   Using the Keyword CALCULATED......Page 56
   Overview......Page 58
   Specifying Column Formats and Labels......Page 59
   Specifying Titles and Footnotes......Page 60
   Adding a Character Constant to Output......Page 61
   Number of Arguments and Summary Function Processing......Page 64
   SELECT Clause Columns and Summary Function Processing......Page 65
   Using a Summary Function with a Single Argument (Column)......Page 66
   Using a Summary Function without a GROUP BY Clause......Page 67
   Using a Summary Function with Columns outside of the Function......Page 68
   Using a Summary Function with a GROUP BY Clause......Page 70
   Counting All Rows......Page 71
   Counting All Non-Missing Values in a Column......Page 72
   Counting All Unique Values in a Column......Page 73
   Selecting Groups By Using the HAVING Clause......Page 74
   Understanding Data Remerging......Page 76
   Introducing Subqueries......Page 77
   Types of Subqueries......Page 78
   Using Single-Value Noncorrelated Subqueries......Page 79
   Example......Page 80
   Using Comparisons with Subqueries......Page 81
   Example......Page 82
   Example......Page 84
   Example......Page 85
   Example: Correlated Subquery with NOT EXISTS......Page 86
   Using the NOEXEC Option......Page 87
  Additional Features......Page 88
   Text Summary......Page 89
   Sample Programs......Page 91
  Quiz......Page 92
 Combining Tables Horizontally Using PROC SQL......Page 97
  Understanding Joins......Page 98
  Generating a Cartesian Product......Page 99
   Introducing Inner Join Syntax......Page 101
   Understanding How Joins Are Processed......Page 102
   Eliminating Duplicate Columns......Page 103
   Joining Tables That Have Rows with Matching Values......Page 104
   Specifying a Table Alias......Page 105
   Example: Complex PROC SQL Inner Join......Page 106
   Example: PROC SQL Inner Join with Summary Functions......Page 108
   Introducing Types of Outer Joins......Page 109
   Using a Left Outer Join......Page 111
   Using a Right Outer Join......Page 112
   Example: Outer Join......Page 113
   Overview......Page 116
   When All of the Values Match......Page 117
   When Only Some of the Values Match......Page 118
   When Only Some of the Values Match: Using the COALESCE Function......Page 119
   Understanding the Advantages of PROC SQL Joins......Page 120
   Introducing In-Line Views......Page 121
   Referencing Multiple Tables in an In-Line View......Page 122
   Example: Query That Contains an In-Line View......Page 123
   Example: Complex Query That Combines Four Tables......Page 125
   Example: Technique 1 (PROC SQL Subqueries, Joins, and In-LineViews)......Page 126
   Example: Technique 2 (PROC SQL Multi-way Join with ReflexiveJoin)......Page 129
   Example: Technique 3 (Traditional SAS Programming)......Page 130
   Text Summary......Page 132
   Sample Programs......Page 133
  Quiz......Page 134
 Combining Tables Vertically Using PROC SQL......Page 141
   Introduction......Page 142
   Example......Page 143
   Processing Multiple Set Operations......Page 144
   Introducing Set Operators......Page 145
   Combining and Overlaying Columns......Page 146
   Modifying Results By Using Keywords......Page 147
   Overview......Page 148
   Using the EXCEPT Operator Alone......Page 149
   Using the Keyword CORR with the EXCEPT Operator......Page 151
   Using the Keywords ALL and CORR with the EXCEPT Operator......Page 152
   Example: EXCEPT Operator......Page 153
   Overview......Page 155
   Using the Keyword ALL with the INTERSECT Operator......Page 156
   Using the Keyword CORR with the INTERSECT Operator......Page 157
   Using the Keywords ALL and CORR with the INTERSECT Operator......Page 158
   Example: INTERSECT Operator......Page 159
   Overview......Page 160
   Using the UNION Operator Alone......Page 161
   Using the Keyword ALL with the UNION Operator......Page 162
   Using the Keyword CORR with the UNION Operator......Page 163
   Using the Keywords ALL and CORR with the UNION Operator......Page 164
   Example: UNION Operator......Page 165
   Example: UNION Operator and Summary Functions......Page 166
   Overview......Page 167
   Using the OUTER UNION Operator Alone......Page 168
   Using the Keyword CORR with the OUTER UNION Operator......Page 169
   Example: OUTER UNION Operator......Page 170
   Program 2: DATA Step, SET Statement, and PROC PRINT Step......Page 172
   Text Summary......Page 173
   Points to Remember......Page 174
  Quiz......Page 175
 Creating and Managing Tables Using PROC SQL......Page 181
   Introduction......Page 183
   Overview......Page 184
   Example......Page 185
   Specifying Data Types......Page 186
   Specifying Column Widths......Page 187
   Example......Page 188
   Example......Page 189
   Example......Page 190
   Example......Page 191
   Overview......Page 193
   Copying a Table......Page 194
   Example......Page 195
   Overview......Page 196
   Example......Page 197
   Inserting Rows By Using the VALUES Clause......Page 198
   Example......Page 200
   Inserting Rows from a Query Result......Page 201
   Example......Page 202
   Overview......Page 203
   Creating a Constraint in a Column Specification......Page 204
   Example......Page 206
   Creating a Constraint By Using a Constraint Specification......Page 207
   Example......Page 209
   Using the UNDO_POLICY= Option to Control UNDO Processing......Page 210
   Example......Page 211
   Example......Page 213
   Overview......Page 214
   Example......Page 215
   Updating Rows By Using Different Expressions......Page 217
   Example......Page 218
   Example......Page 219
   Example......Page 221
   Example......Page 222
   Overview......Page 223
   Example......Page 224
   Adding Columns to a Table......Page 225
   Example......Page 226
   Example......Page 227
   Modifying Columns in a Table......Page 228
   Example......Page 229
   Example......Page 230
   Text Summary......Page 232
   Sample Programs......Page 234
  Quiz......Page 237
 Creating and Managing Indexes Using PROC SQL......Page 241
   Introduction......Page 242
   Simple and Composite Indexes......Page 243
   Example......Page 244
   PROC SQL Queries That Can Be Optimized by an Index......Page 245
   Understanding the Costs of Using an Index......Page 246
   Overview......Page 247
   Example: Creating a Simple Index......Page 248
   Overview......Page 249
   Example......Page 250
   Determining Whether SAS Is Using an Index......Page 251
   Example: Query That Does Not Use an Index......Page 252
   Example......Page 253
   Example......Page 254
   Overview......Page 255
   Text Summary......Page 256
   Sample Programs......Page 257
  Quiz......Page 258
 Creating and Managing Views Using PROC SQL......Page 263
   PROC SQL Views......Page 264
   Example......Page 265
   Using PROC SQL Views......Page 266
   Overview......Page 267
   Guidelines for Using PROC SQL Views......Page 268
   Using an Embedded LIBNAME Statement......Page 269
   Example......Page 270
   Example......Page 271
   Example......Page 273
   Text Summary......Page 274
   Sample Programs......Page 275
  Quiz......Page 276
 Managing Processing Using PROC SQL......Page 279
  Specifying SQL Options......Page 280
   Restricting Row Processing......Page 281
   Example......Page 282
   Example......Page 283
   Example......Page 284
   Flowing Characters within a Column......Page 285
   Example......Page 286
   Example......Page 287
   Example......Page 289
   Overview......Page 291
   Example......Page 292
   Example......Page 293
   Text Summary......Page 295
  Quiz......Page 297
SAS Macro Language......Page 301
 Introducing Macro Variables......Page 303
   Introduction......Page 304
   Macro Variables......Page 305
   Referencing Macro Variables......Page 306
   Overview......Page 307
   Example......Page 308
   The %LET Statement......Page 309
   %LET Statement Examples......Page 310
   SAS Processing......Page 312
   Tokenization......Page 313
   Macro Triggers......Page 314
   Example......Page 315
   Example......Page 316
   Example......Page 318
   The %STR Function......Page 319
   Example......Page 320
   The %BQUOTE Function......Page 321
   The %UPCASE Function......Page 322
   Example......Page 323
   Example......Page 324
   The %SUBSTR Function......Page 325
   Example......Page 326
   Example......Page 327
   Example......Page 328
   Example......Page 329
   The %SYSFUNC Function......Page 330
   Example......Page 331
   Overview......Page 332
   Delimiters in Macro Variable Names......Page 334
   Text Summary......Page 336
   Sample Programs......Page 338
  Quiz......Page 339
 Processing Macro Variables at Execution Time......Page 343
   Introduction......Page 344
   Overview......Page 345
   Example......Page 346
   The SYMPUT Routine......Page 348
   Example......Page 349
   Using SYMPUT with a DATA Step Variable......Page 350
   Example......Page 351
   Using CALL SYMPUT with DATA Step Expressions......Page 352
   Example......Page 354
   PUT Function......Page 355
   Example......Page 356
   The SYMPUTX Routine......Page 357
   Example......Page 358
   Creating Multiple Macro Variables with CALL SYMPUT......Page 359
   Example......Page 360
   Introduction......Page 362
   Example......Page 363
   Example......Page 364
   Example......Page 366
   The SYMGET Function......Page 368
   Example......Page 369
   The INTO Clause and the NOPRINT Option......Page 370
   Example......Page 371
   Creating Variables with the INTO Clause......Page 372
   Example......Page 373
   Example......Page 374
   Creating a Delimited List of Values......Page 375
   Example......Page 376
  Working with PROC SQL Views......Page 377
   Overview......Page 378
   The SYMGETN Function......Page 379
   Text Summary......Page 380
   Sample Programs......Page 381
   Points to Remember......Page 382
  Quiz......Page 383
 Creating and Using Macro Programs......Page 387
   Introduction......Page 388
   Compiling a Macro......Page 389
   Example......Page 390
   Example......Page 391
   Example......Page 392
   The MPRINT Option......Page 394
   The MLOGIC Option......Page 395
   Comments in Macro Programs......Page 396
   Example......Page 397
   Example......Page 399
   Example......Page 400
   Example......Page 401
   Example......Page 402
   The Global Symbol Table......Page 403
   The Local Symbol Table......Page 404
   The %LOCAL Statement......Page 405
   Rules for Creating and Updating Variables......Page 406
   Example......Page 408
   The MPRINTNEST Option......Page 409
   Example......Page 410
   Example......Page 411
   Conditional Execution......Page 412
   Example......Page 413
   Example......Page 415
   Example......Page 416
   Example......Page 419
   Example......Page 422
   Overview......Page 423
   Example......Page 424
   Example......Page 425
   Example......Page 426
   The %EVAL Function......Page 427
   Examples......Page 428
   Automatic Evaluation......Page 429
   Text Summary......Page 430
   Sample Programs......Page 431
   Points to Remember......Page 432
  Quiz......Page 433
 Storing Macro Programs......Page 437
  Understanding Session-Compiled Macros......Page 438
   Example......Page 439
   Example......Page 441
   Example......Page 442
   Example......Page 443
   Example......Page 444
   Creating an Autocall Library......Page 445
   Default Autocall Library......Page 446
   Accessing Autocall Macros......Page 447
   Example......Page 448
   The Stored Compiled Macro Facility......Page 449
   Creating a Stored Compiled Macro......Page 450
   Example......Page 451
   Example......Page 452
   Example......Page 453
   Text Summary......Page 455
   Sample Programs......Page 456
  Quiz......Page 457
Advanced SAS Programming Techniques......Page 461
 Creating Indexes......Page 463
   Overview......Page 464
   Overview......Page 465
   Examples......Page 466
   Example......Page 467
   Overview......Page 468
   Example......Page 469
   Example......Page 470
   Overview......Page 471
   Example......Page 472
   Example......Page 473
   Copying Data Sets......Page 474
   Example......Page 475
   Example......Page 476
   Sample Programs......Page 477
  Quiz......Page 478
 Combining Data Vertically......Page 481
   Overview......Page 482
   Example......Page 483
   Overview......Page 485
   Example......Page 486
   Example......Page 487
   Example......Page 488
   Using the END= Option......Page 489
   Example......Page 490
   Example......Page 492
   Overview......Page 493
   Example......Page 494
   Example......Page 495
   Example......Page 496
   Appending Variables with Different Types......Page 498
   Example......Page 499
   Storing Raw Data Filenames in an External File......Page 501
   Text Summary......Page 502
   Sample Programs......Page 503
  Quiz......Page 504
 Combining Data Horizontally......Page 511
   Introduction......Page 512
   Overview......Page 513
   Relationships between Input Data Sources......Page 514
   Example: Using the IF-THEN/ELSE Statement to Combine Data......Page 516
   User-Defined SAS Formats......Page 517
   The DATA Step Match-Merge......Page 518
   Working with Multiple Lookup Tables......Page 519
   Example......Page 520
   Example: Working with Multiple Lookup Tables......Page 522
   Overview......Page 523
   Examples......Page 524
   Execution of a DATA Step Match-Merge......Page 527
   Execution of a PROC SQL Join......Page 528
   Example: Combining Data from a Many-to-Many Match......Page 529
   Using Multiple SET Statements......Page 530
   Example: Using Multiple SET Statements with a Many-to-ManyMatch......Page 531
   Overview......Page 532
   The MEANS Procedure......Page 533
   Example......Page 534
   The Sum Statement......Page 535
   Example......Page 536
   Overview......Page 537
   The KEY= Option......Page 538
   Example......Page 539
   The _IORC_ Variable......Page 540
   Overview......Page 541
   Using the UPDATE Statement......Page 542
   Example......Page 543
   Text Summary......Page 544
   Sample Programs......Page 545
  Quiz......Page 548
 Using Lookup Tables to Match Data......Page 553
   Review of the Multidimensional Array Statement......Page 554
   Example......Page 555
   Example......Page 558
   Creating an Array......Page 559
   Loading the Array Elements......Page 560
   Reading the Actual Values......Page 562
   Overview......Page 564
   Example......Page 566
   Adding Descriptive Variable Names......Page 567
   Using a BY Statement with PROC TRANSPOSE......Page 569
   Sorting the Work.Ctarget2 Data Set......Page 570
   Reorganizing the Sasuser.Monthsum Data Set......Page 571
   Sorting the Work.Mnthsum2 Data Set......Page 572
   Completing the Merge......Page 573
   Overview......Page 574
   Example......Page 575
   Declaring the Hash Object......Page 576
   Defining Keys and Data......Page 577
   Retrieving Matching Data......Page 578
   Hash Object Processing......Page 579
   Creating a Hash Object from a SAS Data Set......Page 580
   Working with Multiple Data Variables......Page 581
   Retrieving Multiple Data Values......Page 582
   Example......Page 583
   Text Summary......Page 586
   Sample Programs......Page 587
  Quiz......Page 589
 Formatting Data......Page 595
   Review of Creating Non-Overlapping Formats......Page 596
   Creating a Format with Overlapping Ranges......Page 597
   Example......Page 598
   Overview......Page 599
   Ways to Specify Pictures......Page 600
   Example......Page 601
   Guidelines for Specifying Directives......Page 602
   Example......Page 603
   Using FMTLIB with PROC FORMAT to Document Formats......Page 604
   Using PROC CATALOG to Manage Formats......Page 605
   Example......Page 606
   Example......Page 607
   Example......Page 608
   Example......Page 609
   Overview......Page 610
   Example......Page 611
   Overview......Page 614
   Example......Page 615
   Text Summary......Page 617
   Sample Programs......Page 618
  Quiz......Page 619
 Modifying SAS Data Sets and Tracking Changes......Page 623
   Introduction......Page 624
  Using the MODIFY Statement......Page 625
   Example......Page 626
   Overview......Page 627
   Example......Page 628
   Handling Duplicate Values......Page 629
   Overview......Page 630
   Example......Page 631
   Handling Duplicate Values......Page 632
   Example......Page 634
   Using _IORC_ with %SYSRC......Page 635
   Overview......Page 636
   Referential Integrity Constraints......Page 637
   Overview......Page 638
   Example......Page 639
   Example......Page 640
   Copying a Data Set and Preserving Integrity Constraints......Page 641
   Example......Page 642
   Example......Page 643
  Understanding Audit Trails......Page 644
   Example......Page 645
   Examples......Page 646
   Audit Trail Variables......Page 647
   Using the LOG Statement to Control the Data in the Audit Trail......Page 648
   User Variables......Page 649
   Overview......Page 650
   Example......Page 651
  Understanding Generation Data Sets......Page 652
   Creating Generation Data Sets......Page 653
   Examples......Page 654
   How Generation Numbers Change......Page 655
   Text Summary......Page 657
   Sample Programs......Page 659
  Quiz......Page 660
Optimizing SAS Programs......Page 665
   Introduction......Page 667
  Assessing Efficiency Needs at Your Site......Page 668
   Assessing Your Programs......Page 669
  Understanding Efficiency Trade-offs......Page 670
  Using SAS System Options to Track Resources......Page 671
   Guidelines for Benchmarking......Page 672
   Using Benchmarks to Compare Techniques......Page 674
   Introduction......Page 675
   Measuring I/O......Page 676
   Using the BUFSIZE= Option......Page 677
   Using the BUFNO= Option......Page 679
   Comparative Example: Using the BUFSIZE= Option and the BUFNO=Option......Page 680
   Overview......Page 682
   Comparative Example: Using the SASFILE Statement......Page 683
   Using the IBUFSIZE= System Option......Page 687
   Additional Features......Page 688
  Quiz......Page 689
 Controlling Data Storage Space......Page 691
   Introduction......Page 692
   How SAS Stores Numeric Variables......Page 693
   Assigning Lengths to Numeric Variables......Page 694
   Maintaining Precision in Reduced-Length Numeric Variables......Page 695
   Using PROC COMPARE......Page 696
   Example......Page 697
   Comparative Example: Creating a SAS Data Set That ContainsReduced-Length Numeric Variables......Page 698
   Review of Uncompressed Data File Structure......Page 701
   Deciding Whether to Compress a Data File......Page 702
   The COMPRESS= System Option and the COMPRESS= Data Set Option......Page 703
   Example......Page 704
   The POINTOBS= Data Set Option......Page 705
   The REUSE= System Option and the REUSE= Data Set Option......Page 706
   Example......Page 707
   How SAS Compresses Data......Page 708
   Comparative Example: Creating and Reading Compressed Data Files......Page 709
   Overview......Page 712
   DATA Step Views......Page 713
   The DESCRIBE Statement......Page 714
   Creating and Referencing a SAS DATA Step View......Page 715
   Making Multiple Passes through Data in a Data View......Page 716
   Comparative Example: Creating and Reading a SAS Data View......Page 717
   Using SAS DATA Step Views to Conserve Data Storage Space......Page 719
  Quiz......Page 720
 Using Best Practices......Page 723
   Positioning of the Subsetting IF Statement......Page 724
   Comparative Example: Creating a Subset of Data......Page 725
   Using Conditional Logic Efficiently......Page 726
   Comparative Example: Creating Variables Conditionally UsingDO Groups......Page 727
   Comparative Example: Creating Variables Conditionally WhenCalling Functions......Page 729
   Using DO Groups Efficiently......Page 732
   Comparative Example: Creating Data in DO Groups......Page 733
   Comparative Example: Creating Multiple Subsets of a SAS DataSet......Page 737
   Comparative Example: Creating a Sorted Subset of a SAS DataSet......Page 739
   Comparative Example: Changing the Variable Attributes of aSAS Data Set......Page 740
   Selecting Observations Using Subsetting IF versus WHERE Statement......Page 741
   Comparative Example: Creating a Subset of a SAS Data Set......Page 742
   Using the WHERE Statement with the OBS= and FIRSTOBS= Options......Page 743
   Comparative Example: Creating a Subset of Data by Reading Datafrom an External File......Page 744
   Subsetting Variables with the KEEP and DROP Statements andOptions......Page 746
   Comparative Example: Creating a Report That Contains Averageand Median Statistics......Page 747
   Comparative Example: Creating a SAS Data Set That ContainsOnly Certain Variables......Page 749
   Overview......Page 751
   ComparativeExample: Reading a SAS Data Set Versus an External File......Page 752
   RUN-Group Processing......Page 753
   Using Different Types of RUN Groups with PROC DATASETS......Page 754
   Comparative Example: Modifying the Descriptor Portion of SASData Sets......Page 755
   Executing Only Necessary Statements......Page 756
   Avoiding Unnecessary Procedure Invocation......Page 757
  Quiz......Page 758
 Querying Data Efficiently......Page 761
   Overview......Page 763
   Accessing Data Sequentially......Page 764
   Benefits and Costs of Using an Index......Page 765
   Overview......Page 766
   Example: Identifying One Available Index......Page 767
   Example: Composite Index That Can Be Used to Optimize MultipleConditions......Page 768
   Example: Composite Index That Cannot Be Used for Optimizing......Page 769
   Requirements for Optimizing a Single WHERE Condition......Page 770
   Requirements for Compound Optimization......Page 771
   Overview......Page 772
   Example......Page 773
   Factors That Affect I/O......Page 775
   Order of the Data......Page 776
   Guidelines for Deciding Whether to Create an Index......Page 777
   Query 1: Small Subset from a Large Data Set......Page 778
   Using the IDXWHERE= and IDXNAME= Data Set Options......Page 779
   Example: Using IDXWHERE=NO to Prevent Index Usage......Page 780
   Example: Using PROC PRINT and PROC SQL to Create Detail Reports......Page 781
   Report 3: Sorted Detail Report......Page 782
   Overview......Page 783
   Comparing Resource Usage across Summarization Tools......Page 784
   Comparative Example: Displaying Summary Statistics for OneClass Variable......Page 785
   Using PROC MEANS to Display Summary Statistics for Combinationsof Class Variables......Page 787
   Example: Displaying Summary Statistics for All Combinationsof the Class Variables......Page 788
   Understanding Types......Page 790
   Example: Using the TYPES Statement in PROC MEANS......Page 792
   Example: Using the NWAY Option in Multiple PROC MEANS Steps......Page 794
   Usingthe WHERE= Output Data Set Option in PROC MEANS to Select DesiredTypes......Page 796
   Example: Using the WHERE= Output Data Set Option in PROC MEANS......Page 797
   Comparative Example: Displaying Summary Statistics for Combinationsof Class Variables......Page 798
   Identifying Available Indexes......Page 800
   Deciding Whether to Create an Index......Page 801
   Comparing Tools for Summarizing Data......Page 802
  Quiz......Page 803
   Overview......Page 805
  About PROC FCMP......Page 806
  Using the Newly Defined Function......Page 807
  Using PROC FCMP to Create a Subroutine......Page 808
  Quiz......Page 809
Quiz Answer Keys......Page 811
 Quiz Answer Keys......Page 813
  Chapter 1: Performing Queries Using PROC SQL......Page 814
  Chapter 2: Performing Advanced Queries Using PROC SQL......Page 815
  Chapter 3: Combining Tables Horizontally Using PROC SQL......Page 816
  Chapter 4: Combining Tables Vertically Using PROC SQL......Page 817
  Chapter 5: Creating and Managing Tables Using PROC SQL......Page 818
  Chapter 6: Creating and Managing Indexes Using PROC SQL......Page 819
  Chapter 7: Creating and Managing Views Using PROC SQL......Page 820
  Chapter 8: Managing Processing Using PROC SQL......Page 822
  Chapter 9: Introducing Macro Variables......Page 823
  Chapter 10: Processing Macro Variables at Execution Time......Page 824
  Chapter 11: Creating and Using Macro Programs......Page 825
  Chapter 12: Storing Macro Programs......Page 827
  Chapter 13: Creating Indexes......Page 828
  Chapter 14: Combining Data Vertically......Page 829
  Chapter 15: Combining Data Horizontally......Page 830
  Chapter 16: Using Lookup Tables to Match Data......Page 832
  Chapter 17: Formatting Data......Page 833
  Chapter 18: Modifying SAS Data Sets and Tracking Changes......Page 834
  Chapter 20: Controlling Memory Usage......Page 835
  Chapter 22: Using Best Practices......Page 836
  Chapter 23: Querying Data Efficiently......Page 837
  Chapter 24: Creating Functions with PROC FCMP......Page 838
Index......Page 839