Sanctions: What Everyone Needs to Know

Cover
Half Title
Sanctions
Copyright
Contents
Introduction: Puzzles Posed for International Relations Theory and Foreign Policy Strategy
Part I: Scholarly Debates and Challenges
	1. Economic Sanctions: What, Who, Why, and How
		What Are the Different Types of Sanctions?
		Who Are the Key Actors?
		Why Are Sanctions Imposed in Terms of the Policy Objectives Pursued?
		How Are Sanctions Supposed to Achieve Their Objectives?
	2. Do Sanctions Work? Measuring Success
		Case Counting: What Constitutes a Sanctions Case?
		Which Metrics Best Measure Success?
		Are Sanctions Ethical?
	3. Explaining Sanctions Success/ Failure
		Is Economic Impact the Key Factor?
		Are Sanctions More Effective If Backed by Threats or Use of Military Force?
		Is a Reciprocity Strategy, Sanctions and Inducements Together, More Effective Than Sanctions Alone?
		What about Regime Type, Democracies Compared to Non- democracies?
		Do Multilateral Sanctions Work Better Than Unilateral Ones?
		How Effective Are Smart Sanctions, and Particularly Financial Sanctions?
		Does Success Vary with the Principal Objective Being Pursued?
Part II: Major Cases, Theory Applied, Policy Analyzed
	4. Historical Perspective: Lessons from Past Sanctions Cases
		Athens- Sparta, Megarian Decree, 432 bc
		Napoleon’s Continental System, 1806–1814
		League of Nations, Italian Invasion of Ethiopia, 1935
		Suez Crisis, US Sanctions against Britain, 1956
		British and UN Sanctions against Rhodesia, 1965–1979
		OPEC Sanctions against the US and Global Markets, 1973
		Anti- Apartheid Sanctions against South Africa, 1962– 1994
		Conclusion: Some Cross- Case Patterns
	5. United States: Foreign Policy Strategy and Domestic Politics
		Why Does the US Use Sanctions So Much More Frequently Than Any Other Country?
		What Types of Sanctions Does the US Make Particular Use Of?
		Whom Does the US Target?
		What Are the Main Objectives the US Uses Sanctions For?
		Are American Sanctions More Successful Than Others?
		What Are Key Patterns in the Domestic Politics and Policy Process?
		How Does Federalism and the Role of State and Local Governments Affect Sanctions?
		What Are Some Major Recent Cases of US Sanctions?
		What Main Conclusions Can Be Drawn and Challenges Identified for American Sanctions?
	6. China’s Use of Sanctions
		Why Does China Impose Sanctions?
		What Types of Sanctions Does China Use, Those “Cued” Sanctions in Particular?
		What Are Some Major Cases?
		Summary: How Successful Have China’s Sanctions Been?
	7. Soviet Union/ Russia: Energy Pipelines and Other Sanctions
		How Successful Has the Soviet Union/ Russia Been in Its Use of Sanctions?
		Soviet Sanctions against Yugoslavia, 1948– 1955
		Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 1990s
		Russian Ukraine Crisis Countersanctions against the US, EU, and Other Western Countries, 2014 and 2022
		What Have Been the Key Issues with Soviet/ Russian Energy Pipelines to Western Europe?
		Summary: How Has the Soviet Union/ Russia Fared as a Sanctions Sender State?
	8. United Nations and European Union: Multilateral and Regional Sanctions
		UN and Multilateral Sanctions
		What Are Some Major Cases of UN Sanctions?
		European Union Sanctions
		Summary: What Are Some Key Policy Points for Multilateral Sanctions?
Conclusion: Sanctions Theory, Sanctions Policy
Appendix: 2022 Russia- Ukraine war sanctions
Notes
Index