Safety-Scale Laboratory Experiments for Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry , Seventh Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Safety Precautions......Page 6
General Laboratory Procedures......Page 7
Scale of Experiments......Page 9
Introduction......Page 12
A. Measurement with Ruler A......Page 13
B. Measurement with Ruler B......Page 14
C. Improving the Significance of Measurements......Page 15
Experiment 1: Pre-Lab Review: Measurements and Significant Figures......Page 18
Experiment 1: Data and Report Sheet: Measurements and Significant Figures......Page 20
Questions......Page 24
A. The Centigram Balance......Page 26
D. Weighing Solid Chemicals......Page 28
C. The Average Mass of a Coin......Page 30
D. Weighing Solid Chemicals......Page 31
Experiment 2: Pre-Lab Review: The Use of Chemical Balances......Page 32
Experiment 2: Data and Report Sheet: The Use of Chemical Balances......Page 34
Questions......Page 37
Introduction......Page 40
A. The Graduated Cylinder......Page 41
B. The Pipet......Page 42
C. The Buret......Page 43
D. The Volume of a Drop......Page 44
E. Density of an Unknown Liquid......Page 45
A. The Graduated Cylinder......Page 46
D. The Volume of a Drop......Page 48
G. Summary......Page 49
Experiment 3: Pre-Lab Review: The Use of Volumetric Ware and the Determination of Density......Page 50
Experiment 3: Data and Report Sheet: The Use of Volumetric Ware and the Determination of Density......Page 52
Questions......Page 56
Introduction......Page 58
A. Solution Formation......Page 59
C. Melting Iron Chloride......Page 60
D. Sodium Bicarbonate Plus Hydrochloric Acid......Page 61
E. Combustion of Magnesium......Page 62
Report......Page 63
Experiment 4: Pre-Lab Review: Physical and Chemical Changes......Page 64
Experiment 4: Data and Report Sheet: Physical and Chemical Changes......Page 66
Questions......Page 68
Introduction......Page 70
A. Paper Chromatography......Page 71
B. Sublimation......Page 74
C. Solubility......Page 76
C. Solubility......Page 78
Experiment 5: Pre-Lab Review: Separations and Analysis......Page 80
Experiment 5: Data and Report Sheet: Separations and Analysis......Page 82
Questions......Page 84
A. Combination Reactions......Page 86
B. Decomposition Reactions......Page 88
C. Single-Replacement Reactions......Page 89
D. Double-Replacement Reactions......Page 90
C. Single-Replacement Reactions......Page 91
D. Double-Replacement Reactions......Page 93
Experiment 6: Pre-Lab Review: Classification of Chemical Reactions......Page 94
Experiment 6: Data and Report Sheet: Classification of Chemical Reactions......Page 96
Questions......Page 99
A. Determining the Formula of a Hydrate......Page 102
B. Determining the Percentage of KClO3 in a Mixture......Page 104
A. Determining the Formula of a Hydrate......Page 105
B. Determining the Percentage of KClO3 in a Mixture......Page 106
Experiment 7: Pre-Lab Review: Analysis Using Decomposition Reactions......Page 108
Experiment 7: Data and Report Sheet: Analysis Using Decomposition Reactions......Page 110
Questions......Page 111
A. Boyle’s Law......Page 114
B. Charles’s Law......Page 117
C. Graham’s Law......Page 119
A. Boyle’s Law......Page 120
B. Charles’s Law......Page 121
C. Graham’s Law......Page 122
Experiment 8: Pre-Lab Review: Gas Laws......Page 124
Experiment 8: Data and Report Sheet: Gas Laws......Page 126
Questions......Page 130
Introduction......Page 134
A. Influence of Temperature on Solubility......Page 135
B. Solubility and Dissociation of Chlorine-Containing Solutes......Page 136
C. Solubility and Dissociation of Hydroxyl-Containing Solutes......Page 137
D. Solubility and Dissociation of Acids......Page 138
E. Influence of Solvent and Solute Nature on Solubility......Page 139
E. Influence of Solvent and Solute Nature on Solubility......Page 140
Experiment 9: Pre-Lab Review: Solution Formation and Characteristics......Page 142
Experiment 9: Data and Report Sheet: Solution Formation and Characteristics......Page 144
Questions......Page 147
A. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure......Page 150
B. Freezing-Point Depression......Page 152
C. Boiling-Point Elevation......Page 153
B. Freezing-Point Depression......Page 154
C. Boiling-Point Elevation......Page 155
Experiment 10: Pre-Lab Review: Colligative Properties of Solutions......Page 156
Experiment 10: Data and Report Sheet: Colligative Properties of Solutions......Page 158
Questions......Page 160
Introduction......Page 162
A. Influence of Concentration on Reaction Rates......Page 163
B. Influence of Temperature on Reaction Rates......Page 164
C. Influence of Catalysts on Reaction Rates......Page 165
D. Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle......Page 166
C. Influence of Catalysts on Reaction Rates......Page 168
D. Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle......Page 169
Experiment 11: Pre-Lab Review: Reaction Rates and Equilibrium......Page 170
Experiment 11: Data and Report Sheet: Reaction Rates and Equilibrium......Page 172
Questions......Page 176
Introduction......Page 178
Experimental Procedure......Page 179
A. Acid-Base Neutralization......Page 180
B. pH Measurement......Page 181
D. Behavior of Salts in Solution......Page 182
E. Buffers......Page 183
E. Buffers......Page 184
Experiment 12: Pre-Lab Review: Acid, Bases, Salts, and Buffers......Page 186
Experiment 12: Data and Report Sheet: Acid, Bases, Salts, and Buffers......Page 188
Questions......Page 191
A. Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide Solution......Page 194
B. Titration of Vinegar......Page 196
A. Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide Solution......Page 197
B. Titration of Vinegar......Page 198
Experiment 13: Pre-Lab Review: Analysis of Vinegar......Page 200
Experiment 13: Data and Report Sheet: Analysis of Vinegar......Page 202
Questions......Page 204
Introduction......Page 206
A. Preparation of a Solution of NaOH......Page 207
B. Determination of Ka for an Unknown Acid in Solution......Page 208
C. Determination of Ka for an Unknown Solid Acid......Page 209
B. Determination of Ka for an Unknown Acid in Solution......Page 210
C. Determination of Ka for an Unknown Solid Acid......Page 211
Experiment 14: Pre-Lab Review: Determination of K(a) for Weak Acids......Page 212
Experiment 14: Data and Report Sheet: Determination of K(a) for Weak Acids......Page 214
Questions......Page 216
Introduction......Page 218
B. The Number of Acidic Hydrogens in Acids......Page 219
C. Acidic Hydrogens of Phosphoric Acid......Page 220
B. The Number of Acidic Hydrogens in Acids......Page 221
C. Acidic Hydrogens of Phosphoric Acid......Page 222
Experiment 15: Pre-Lab Review: The Acidic Hydrogens of Acids......Page 224
Experiment 15: Data and Report Sheet: The Acidic Hydrogens of Acids......Page 226
Questions......Page 227
Introduction......Page 230
A. Thermometer Correction......Page 231
C. Unknown Identification......Page 232
A. Thermometer Correction......Page 233
C. Unknown Identification......Page 234
Experiment 16: Pre-Lab Review: The Use of Melting Points in the Identification of Organic Compounds......Page 236
Experiment 16: Data and Report Sheet: The Use of Melting Points In The Identification of Organic Compounds......Page 238
Questions......Page 240
A. Choosing a Suitable Solvent......Page 242
B. The Effect of the Amount of Solvent Used......Page 244
C. Isolation and Recrystallization of Aspirin......Page 245
C. Isolation and Recrystallization of Aspirin......Page 248
Experiment 17: Pre-Lab Review: Isolation and Purification of An Organic Compound......Page 250
Experiment 17: Data and Report Sheet: Isolation and Purification of An Organic Compound......Page 252
Questions......Page 253
Introduction......Page 256
A. Reaction with Bromine......Page 257
B. Reaction with Potassium Permanganate......Page 258
D. Boiling-Point Determination......Page 259
C. Flammability of Hydrocarbons......Page 262
D. Boiling-Point Determination......Page 263
Experiment 18: Pre-Lab Review: Hydrocarbons......Page 264
Experiment 18: Data and Report Sheet: Hydrocarbons......Page 266
Questions......Page 268
A. Solubility in Water......Page 270
C. The Lucas Test......Page 271
D. Oxidation with Chromic Acid......Page 272
E. Iodoform Test......Page 273
G. Reaction with Ferric Chloride......Page 274
Characterization of Unknowns......Page 275
Experiment 19: Pre-Lab Review: Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols......Page 276
Experiment 19: Data and Report Sheet: Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols......Page 278
Questions......Page 281
A. DNP Test for Aldehydes and Ketones......Page 284
B. Tollens’ Reagent......Page 285
C. Chromic Acid Test for Aldehydes......Page 286
Characterization of Unknowns......Page 287
Experiment 20: Pre-Lab Review: Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones......Page 288
Experiment 20: Data and Report Sheet: Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones......Page 290
Questions......Page 292
Introduction......Page 294
A. Water-Soluble Carboxylic Acids......Page 295
B. Water-Insoluble Carboxylic Acids......Page 296
C. Aspirin from Alka-Seltzer......Page 297
D. Amine Properties......Page 298
E. Amide Tests......Page 299
F. Saponification of Benzamide......Page 300
Calculations and Report......Page 301
Experiment 21: Pre-Lab Review: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids, Amines, and Amides......Page 302
Experiment 21: Data and Report Sheet: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids, Amines, and Amides......Page 304
Questions......Page 306
A. Synthesis of Aspirin......Page 310
B. Synthesis of Oil of Wintergreen......Page 312
D. Synthesis of Some Fragrant Esters......Page 313
A. Synthesis of Aspirin......Page 314
C. Qualitative Test for Phenols......Page 315
Experiment 22: Pre-Lab Review: The Synthesis of Aspirin and Other Esters......Page 316
Experiment 22: Data and Report Sheet: The Synthesis of Aspirin and Other Esters......Page 318
Questions......Page 319
Experimental Procedure......Page 322
A. Water-Soluble Unknown......Page 323
B. Water-Insoluble Unknown......Page 326
Characterization of Unknowns......Page 329
Experiment 23: Pre-Lab Review: Identifying Functional Groups In Unknowns......Page 330
Experiment 23: Data and Report Sheet: Identifying Functional Groups In Unknowns......Page 332
Questions......Page 334
Introduction......Page 336
A. Preparation of Plexiglas......Page 337
B. Preparation of Glyoxal-Resorcinol Polymer......Page 338
C. Preparation of Nylon......Page 339
D. Preparation of Glyptal Resin......Page 340
E. A Study of Some Polymer Characteristics......Page 341
Calculations and Report......Page 343
Experiment 24: Pre-Lab Review: Synthetic Polymers......Page 344
Experiment 24: Data and Report Sheet: Synthetic Polymers......Page 346
Questions......Page 347
Introduction......Page 350
A. Separation of Food Colorings......Page 351
C. Separation of Soft-Drink Food Colorings......Page 352
D. Preparation of Azo Dyes......Page 355
E. Direct Dyeing......Page 356
F. Developed and Ingrain Dyeing......Page 357
Experiment 25: Pre-Lab Review: Dyes, Inks, and Food Colorings......Page 360
Experiment 25: Data and Report Sheet: Dyes, Inks, and Food Colorings......Page 362
Questions......Page 365
A. Fermentation......Page 366
B. Benedict’s Test......Page 367
D. Seliwanoff’s Test......Page 368
A.–E. Summary of Sample Behavior......Page 369
A.–E. Identification of Unknowns......Page 370
Experiment 26: Pre-Lab Review: A Study of Carbohydrates......Page 372
Experiment 26: Data and Report Sheet: A Study of Carbohydrates......Page 374
Questions......Page 378
Introduction......Page 380
A. Preparation of a Soap......Page 381
B. Preparation of a Detergent......Page 382
C. Properties of Soaps and Detergents......Page 383
C. Properties of Soaps and Detergents......Page 385
Experiment 27: Pre-Lab Review: Preparation of Soap By Lipid Saponification......Page 386
Experiment 27: Data and Report Sheet: Preparation of Soap By Lipid Saponification......Page 388
Questions......Page 390
A. Isolation of Trimyristin from Nutmeg......Page 392
B. Isolation of Cholesterol from Egg Yolk......Page 395
B. Isolation of Cholesterol from Egg Yolk......Page 396
Experiment 28: Pre-Lab Review: Isolation of Natural Products: Trimyristin and Cholesterol......Page 398
Experiment 28: Data and Report Sheet: Isolation of Natural Products: Trimyristin and Cholesterol......Page 400
Questions......Page 401
A. Separation of Amino Acids Using Paper Chromatography......Page 404
B. Isolation of Casein......Page 407
C. Amino Acid Structure and pH......Page 408
D. Color Tests of Proteins and Amino Acids......Page 409
E. Protein Denaturation......Page 410
B. Isolation of Casein......Page 411
D. Color Tests of Proteins and Amino Acids......Page 412
Experiment 29: Pre-Lab Review: Amino Acids and Proteins......Page 414
Experiment 29: Data and Report Sheet: Amino Acids and Proteins......Page 416
Questions......Page 418
A. Preparation of Cheese......Page 420
B. Lipid Digestion......Page 421
C. Protein Digestion......Page 422
E. Hydrolysis of Urea......Page 423
A. Preparation of Cheese......Page 424
Experiment 30: Pre-Lab Review: Enzymes: Nature’s Catalysts......Page 426
Experiment 30: Data and Report Sheet: Enzymes: Nature’s Catalysts......Page 428
Questions......Page 429
Introduction......Page 432
B. Enzyme Specificity......Page 433
C. Substrate Concentration......Page 434
D. Enzyme Concentration......Page 435
F. Effect of Temperature......Page 436
G. Inhibitors......Page 437
Parts B to E......Page 438
Experiment 31: Pre-Lab Review: Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity......Page 440
Experiment 31: Data and Report Sheet: Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity......Page 442
Questions......Page 444
Introduction......Page 446
A. Standardization of Oxidizing Agent......Page 447
D. Vitamin C Content of Cabbage......Page 448
A. Standardization of Oxidizing Agent......Page 449
D. Vitamin C Content of Cabbage......Page 450
Experiment 32: Pre-Lab Review: Vitamin C Content of Foods, Part I: Assigned Samples......Page 452
Experiment 32: Data and Report Sheet: Vitamin C Content of Foods, Part I: Assigned Samples......Page 454
Questions......Page 456
Introduction......Page 458
B. Vitamin C Content of Juices or Other Liquids......Page 459
C. Vitamin C Content of Solids......Page 460
Summary of Results......Page 461
Experiment 33: Pre-Lab Review: Vitamin C Content of Foods, Part II: Samples From Home......Page 462
Experiment 33: Data and Report Sheet: Vitamin C Content of Foods, Part II: Samples From Home......Page 464
Introduction......Page 468
A. Using Heat to Denature Interfering Proteins......Page 469
C. Using an Enzyme to Denature Interfering Proteins......Page 470
Calculations and Report......Page 471
Experiment 34: Pre-Lab Review: Extraction of DNA From Wheat Germ......Page 472
Experiment 34: Data and Report Sheet: Extraction of DNA From Wheat Germ......Page 474
Questions......Page 475
A. Sample Preparation......Page 478
B. Mineral Identification......Page 480
Report......Page 485
Experiment 35: Pre-Lab Review: Detection of Minerals In Breakfast Cereals......Page 486
Experiment 35: Data and Report Sheet: Detection of Minerals In Breakfast Cereals......Page 488
Questions......Page 489
Appendix A: Graphs and Graphing......Page 490
I. Locker Equipment......Page 496
III. Chemicals, Reagents, and Supplies......Page 497
Appendix C: Table of Atomic Weights and Numbers......Page 530