Safety Cases and Safety Reports: Meaning, Motivation and Management

Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 10
List of Tables......Page 11
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
The Safety Case......Page 18
Health and Safety Plan......Page 20
System Safety Approach Documentation......Page 22
Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH)......Page 24
Summary......Page 25
The Concepts of Language......Page 27
The Language of Risk, Chance, Probability and Hazard......Page 28
The Origins of Chance, Risk and Probability......Page 29
The Origins of Hazard......Page 30
The Origins of Safety and Safety Case......Page 31
Development of the Safety Case in the UK......Page 32
Development of Safety Reports in the US......Page 34
Summary......Page 35
The Components of a Safety Management System......Page 37
Designing a Safety Management System......Page 38
Example of a UK Safety Plan......Page 40
Example of a US Safety Plan......Page 41
Safety Planning Meetings......Page 42
The Safety Case as a Record of Residual Risk......Page 45
Safety Cases as a Record of Engineering Practice......Page 46
Safety Cases as a Marketing Tool......Page 47
Understand your Particular Purpose(s)......Page 48
Legislation for Safety Cases......Page 49
Evidence for the Need to Have a Safety Case......Page 52
Goal-based and Prescriptive Requirements......Page 53
What is a Safety Boundary?......Page 56
Deriving the Safety Boundary......Page 57
Boundary Diagrams......Page 58
Other Boundary Considerations......Page 59
Judging Safety Performance......Page 62
Measurement Scales......Page 63
Event Severity Scales......Page 64
Event Frequency Scales......Page 67
The Risk Matrix for Communicating About Safety......Page 70
Populating a Risk Matrix......Page 71
Special Note......Page 74
Summary......Page 75
Setting a Safety Target......Page 77
Target Apportionment......Page 78
Quantitative Targets in Use......Page 79
Qualitative Targets......Page 80
So Far as is Reasonably Practicable......Page 82
The ALARP Concept......Page 83
Demonstrating ALARP......Page 84
The Accident Tetrahedron......Page 85
Problems with ALARP as a Safety Target......Page 86
Real Use of the ALARP Process in Industry......Page 87
The GALE Principle......Page 88
Individual Risk......Page 91
Group Risk......Page 92
Population Risk......Page 95
Worker vs. Public Risk......Page 97
Multiple Safety Targets in a Safety Case......Page 98
Why Have a Team at All?......Page 100
What the Team has to Do......Page 101
Who is in the Team?......Page 102
The Project Safety Committee......Page 103
Forming a Safety Committee......Page 104
Who Owns the Safety Case?......Page 105
The Cost of Having Accidents......Page 107
The Value of a Prevented Fatality......Page 110
Cost Indicators from Other Fines......Page 113
HAZOP......Page 115
Structured What-if Technique (SWIFT)......Page 116
Fault-tree Analysis......Page 118
Event tree Analysis......Page 120
Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA)......Page 122
Human Hazard Analysis......Page 123
Human Reliability Analysis......Page 124
Stored Energy Analysis......Page 126
Summary......Page 127
The Requirement for a Hazard Log......Page 128
Examples of Real Hazard Logs......Page 130
The Human Caused the Accident......Page 135
The Human Prevented the Accident......Page 138
Human Systems Integration......Page 140
Safety Documents from the Human Factors Domain......Page 141
Human Factors Analysis......Page 142
Summary......Page 145
The Software Caused the Accident......Page 146
Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Systems......Page 148
Software of Uncertain Pedigree (SOUP)......Page 149
How to Treat the Risks of Software......Page 150
Software Testing Methods......Page 154
Safety Documents from the Software Domain......Page 156
Introduction to Management Factors......Page 159
The Managers Caused the Accident......Page 160
Managers and the Law......Page 161
Promoting a Safety Culture......Page 162
Evidence from Managers for the Safety Case......Page 164
How Independent is ‘Independent’?......Page 167
Assessor, Advisor or Auditor......Page 168
Competency of the Reviewer......Page 170
The Terms of Reference......Page 171
The Paper-based Safety Case......Page 173
Recommended Layouts for a Paper-based Safety Case......Page 174
The IT-based Safety Case......Page 177
Recommended Layouts for an IT-based Safety Case......Page 178
Goal Structuring Notation Tool Support......Page 180
What Happens to Safety Cases?......Page 183
Managing Change......Page 185
Review and Update Cycles......Page 186
Epilogue......Page 187
D......Page 188
M......Page 189
S......Page 190
Z......Page 191