Russia in War and Revolution, 1914-1922: A Documentary History

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1 War and Social Unrest
	1.	Anonymous Letter by a Soldier, December 22, 1913
	2.	P. N. Dumovo Memorandum to Nicholas II,
	3.	Antiwar Appeal of Soldiers of the 437th Chernigov Infantry Brigade, February 1915	[68, p. 71]
	4.	A Textile-Workers Strike in Kostroma, June 1915
	5.	Excerpts from Soldiers’ Letters, Intercepted by Censors,
	7.	Notes from Meetings of the Council of Ministers
	8.	Description of General Headquarters, March 1916
	9.	Selections from the Correspondence of Nicholas and Alexandra [21, pp. 574-5, 577, 582, 601-2]
	10.	Economic Conditions in Russia» Fall 1916	[58]
	11.	Pavel Miliukov’s Duma Speech of November 1,1916
	12.	The Murder of Rasputin, December 1916
2 People’s Revolution
	Revolution Triumphs
	14.	International Women’s Day:3 The Revolution Begins, February 23-24, 1917	[27,	pp.	56-7]
	15.	Petrograd’s Police Chief Describes the Breakdown of Authority [4]
	16.	Revolutionary Appeal to Soldiers, February 27, 1917
	17.	A Socialist Describes the Creation of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet [76, pp. 40-1,76-86]
	18. Order No. 1, March 1, 1917	[75,	vol. l, PP. 265ni-6ni]
	19.	Liberal Political Leaders as Russia’s Presumptive Government [65, pp. 154-9]
	20.	The Tsar’s Abdication, March 2,1917	[15,	pp.	212-41]
	21.	The Provisional Government’s First Steps
	The Revolution Reaches the Provinces
	23.	Description of the February Revolution in Transcaucasia [86, pp. 344-5]
	24.	Ukrainian Declaration and the Provisional Government’s Reply, June 1917	[8,	vol.	l, pp. 383-6]
	Praise and Criticism of the Revolution
	25.	“What Is a Revolution?” Novoe premia^
	26.	Newspaper Editorials on the Abolition of the Death Penalty, March 1917	[8,	vol.	l, pp. 200-2]
	,27. A Princess Experiences the Revolution, Early 1917
	28. V. I. Lenin, “The April Theses,” April 4,1917
	29.1. Ehrenburg on the Revolutionary Violence, September 1917	[19,	pp.	34-3]
	Revolution and the Village
	31.	Finance Minister Andrei Shingarev37 on the Food Crisis, May 21, 1917	[8	,vol.	2,	pp.	632-3]
	32.	Recollections of a Peasant, Nizhegorod Province, 1850s-1917	[30,	Pp. 72-8]
	33.	A Female Peasant on the Revolution in Voronezh Province, 1917	[30,	pp.	66-8]
	Revolution and Religion
	34.	Russian Orthodox Parishioners Request Institutional Autonomy, May 1917	[3]
	35.	Resolutions of the First All-Russian Muslim Congress, May 1-11,1917	[8,	vol. 1, pp. 409-11]
	Revolution and the War
	36.	Fraternization on the Western Front, April 1917
	37.	Proceedings of the Soldiers’ Section of the Petrograd Soviet, May 10, 1917	[23,	vol.	3,	pp. 26-7]
	38.	Bolsheviks and Mensheviks Clash over an Alleged Insurrection, June 1917	[23, vol. 3, pp. 299-305]
	39.	The Pavlovskii Guard Regiment Appeal to the First Turkestan Army Corps, June 1917	[85,	pp. 24-5]
	40.	Alexander Kerensky at the Front, July 7,1917
	41.	Russian Message to the Allies Following the July Days, July 19	[8, vol. 2, pp. 1123-4]
	The Provisional Government in Decline
	42.	Bolshevik Activism in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, June 1917
	43.	Alexander Kerensky on the Kornilov Affair,
3 The Bolsheviks’ Revolution and the Road to a New World
	Soviet Power Is Born
	44.	Vladimir Lenin Urges Seizure of Power,
	45.	Vladimir Lenin Urges Immediate Seizure of Power, October 1, 1917	[44,	vol.	26, pp. 140-1]
	46.	Putilov Workers on Creating a Military Revolutionary Committee, October 24, 1917	[14,	vol.	l,	p.	103]
	47.	Speeches by Lenin and Trotsky to the Petrograd Soviet, October 25, 1917	[23,	vol.	4, pp. 581-3]
	48.	Joseph Stalin on the Nature of “Soviet Power,” October 26, 1917	[71,	pp.	3SM2]
	49* Revolutionary Demands of the 202nd Gori Infantry Regiment, November 4, 1917	[14, vol. 2, p. 106]
	Soviet Power Spreads to the Provinces
	50.	The October Revolution in Saratov,9 October 26-28
	51.	On Establishing Bolshevik Rule in Viatka Province, December 1917	[14,	vol.	3,	pp.	$84-8]
	52.	A Bolshevik Agitator in Perm Province,
	53.	Report on Establishing Soviet Power in Nizhegorod Province,15 June 13, 1918	[40,	vol.	i, pp. 44-7]
	“Enemies of the People”
	54.	Alexei Remizov, The Lay of the Ruin of the Russian Land, October 1917	[10,	p.	76]
	55.	Diary of an Anonymous Russian Official, Late 1917
	56.	A Soldier Rails against Officers and Elites,
	57.	The Murder of the Imperial Russian Family
	58.	Private Letters from a Bolshevik Activist,
	July 17-18, 1918	[91]
	59.	A Local Misunderstanding about the Role of Muslim Clergy, September 1918	[40,	vol.	l, p. 107]
	60.	Correspondence of Maxim Gorky and V. I. Lenin, September 6 and 15, 1919	[33, pp. 146,148]
	61.	Parishioners Demand to Teach the Catechism, December 1919 [l l, p. 50]
	62.	Appeal to Lenin Denouncing the Burzhoois in Kazan, November 1920	[43,	pp.	217-28]
	Socialist Dreams
	63.	V. I. Lenin, The State and Revolution, August 1917
	64.	Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, January 1918	[44, vol. 26, pp. 423-5]
	65.	Anatolii Lunacharskii’s Description of the May Day Celebration, 1918	[79,	p.	47]
	66.	Alexandra Kollontai, “Communism and the Family,” 1920	[37,	PP.	250-60]
	67.	H. G. Wells Meets with Lenin, 1920
	The Bolsheviks Go to the Village
	69.	Notes of a Grain-Confiscation Worker, October 1918
	70.	Vladimir Mayakovsky Mocks an Avaricious Peasant Woman, 1920	[47]
	71.	A Letter to Lenin from Peasants of Vologda
	72.	Citizens in Kostroma Denounce the Closing of Their Church, February 1920	[45,	pp.	153-4]
	73.	Peasants Sentenced for Petty Commerce, January 1921
	74.	Economic Conditions and Abuses in Rural Russia, January 1921	[45,	pp.	241-3,246-9]
	Matters of Survival
	75.	A Soldier’s Petition for Assistance, January 4,1918
	PETITION
	76.	Letter by an Unknown Soldier to Lenin,
	February 20, 1918	[45,	pp.	54-5]
	77.	Travails of a Provincial University, 1918
	78.	Intellectuals in Late 1918 and Early 1919
	79.	Ordinary Life in Moscow, as Seen by a Schoolboy, November 1919	[34,	pp.	370-1]
	80.	Commerce and Money in Civil War Moscow
	81.	A Letter from a Worker to Mikhail Kalinin, 1919
	82.	The Tragedy of Abandoned Children in Civil War Russia [92, pp. 9-25]
	83.	Grigorii Zinoviev50 at the All-Russian Congress of Trade Unions, January 7-14, 1918	[12, p. 8in2]
	84.	V. I. Lenin, “The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government,” April 1918	[44,	vol.	27,	pp.	241-4,251,257,
	85.	Party-State Relations in Nizhegorod Province,
	86.	A Feminist Agitator on Her Work in 1918-1919
	87.	An Orthodox Clergyman Renounces His Priesthood, December 26, 1918	[l l, p. 39]
	88.	Repressive Measures for Failure to Remove Snow, February 15, 1919	[57, P. 123]
	89.	Red Tape in Communist Russia, September 1919
	90.	The Supreme Council of the National Economy in Action, February 1920	[69,	pp. 38-40]
	91.	The Electrification of Russia
	Soviet Russia and the World
	92.	The Polish-Soviet War, 1920	[82,	pp. 60-3]
	93.	Report on Activities of the Comintern, March 1921
	94.	Soviet Policy in Regard to the Genoa Conference,
4 Popular Opposition and Civil Wars
	The Fate of the Constituent Assembly
	95.	A Peasant Recalls the Elections to the Constituent Assembly, November 1917	[30, pp. 42-4]
	96.	Peasant Letters to the Constituent Assembly, December 1917—January 1918	[83, pp. 187,188-9]
	97.	Viktor Chernov,1 “Russia’s One-Day Parliament,” January 5, 1918	[87, pp. 68-72]
	98.	A Bolshevik Account of the Constituent Assembly	[61, pp. l -20]
	99.	Worker Complaints about Difficult Material Conditions, April 1918	[54,	pp. 206-8]
	100.	An Eyewitness Account of the Obukhov Plant Strike, June 1918	[12,	PP.	118-22]
	101.	Demands of Workers of the Yaroslavl11 Junction of the Northern Railroad, June 18, 1918	[54,	p.	421]
	102.	Petrograd Factory Workers Call for a Strike,
	103.	Instructions on Disrupting a Strike Planned for July 2, 1918	[46, p. 141]
	104.	Putilov Plant Workers Denounce Bolshevik Policies, August 1918	[46, pp. 156-7]
	105.	Zinoviev’s Hysterical Reaction to the Assassination of Uritskii, August 30, 1918	[72,	pp.	154-5]
	106.	Official Demand of “Blood for Blood,”
	107.	Letter of V. G. Korolenko to A. V. Lunacharskii,
	Reds versus Whites and Those in Between
	109.	The Early Anti-Bolshevik Resistance and Why It Failed, Spring 1918	[81,	pp.	11-26]
	110.	launching the Volunteer Army, 1917-1918
	111. Leon Trotsky's Armored Train [80, pp. 351-60]
	112.	An Appeal to Join the Chinese Red Army Battalion
	113.	An Imperial Russian General Fights for the Bolsheviks, February 1918	[7,	pp. 243-9,252-4,283-5]
	114.	An Appeal by Left SR Workers to Sailors and Red Army Men, March 19, 1919	[56]
	115.	Winston Churchill Urges French Support for Anti-Bolshevik Forces, Late 1919	[77,	pp.	77-82]
	117.	Activities of Nestor Makhno’s Partisans) February-May 1920	[84]
	118.	Violence and Daily Life in a Jewish Community during the Civil War [26, pp. 74-8,103-9]
	119.	Intercepted Personal Correspondence, Samara
	120.	What Went Wrong with Denikin’s Volunteer Army, 1918-1920	[81,	pp. 271-84]
	Peasants in Revolt
	121.	Complaint by Peasants in Penza Province,
	122.	A Bolshevik Official Demands Peasant Surrender, Simbirsk Province, March 1919	[16, pp. 127-8]
	123.	Report on Bolshevik “Cossack Policy” in the Don Region, July 1919	[41,	pp.	107-9]
	124.	An Appeal by the Altai Federation of Anarchists, Spring 1920	[5, p. 115]
	125.	Complaint of Dire Straits by Peasants in the Omsk Region, February 1921	[67,	vol.	2,	p.	211 ]
	126.	Demand That Peasant Rebels in Western Siberia Surrender, February 1921	[67,	vol.	2,	pp. 256-7]
	127.	Petition from 300 Tambov Hostages to the All-Russian Cheka, November 25, 192134	[45, pp. 294-5]
	The Birth of New Nations
	129.	Georgian and British Officials in Transcaucasia, September 1919	[62, pp. 165-8]
	130.	Kalmyks at the First Congress of the Peoples of the East in Baku, 1920	[25,	pp.	35-7]
	The Kronstadt Rebellion
	131.	Worker Unrest in Petrograd, March 4,1921
	132.	Demands of the Kronstadt Rebels, March 6—16,1921
	133.	Satirical Verse, Published by the Kronstadt Rebels, March 6-16, 1921	[60,	PP.	178-9]
	134.	Official Statement on the Kronstadt Mutiny,
5 Revolutions Finale
	The New Economic Policy and the Countryside
	136.	A Report on Fighting “Red Banditry,”
	137.	Description of Famine Conditions in the Volga Region, 1921	[45,	pp.	276-7]
	138.	Famine in the Countryside of Samara Province, December 1921	[45,	p.	285]
	139.	A Police Report on Political and Economic Conditions of the Peasantry, December 1922	[18, p. 46]
	Political Consolidation of the Bolshevik Regime
	140.	Draft Resolution on Party Unity, March 1921
	141: Metropolitan Veniamin4 on Church-Supported Famine Relief, March 5, 1922 [l l, pp. 67-8]
	142. Trotsky on Fostering a Schism within the Church, March 1922 [l l, pp. 81-3]
	143. Speech by Abram Gots, Trial of Socialist- Revolutionaries, August 6, 1922	[66,	vol. 3, pp. 908-10]
	The New Soviet Society
	145. Soviet Russia’s Code of Labor Laws, 1919
	146. Proletarian Holidays [70, vol. 2, p. 569]
	147. Soviet Domestic Relations Law
	148. The Legalization of Abortion, November 1920
	149.13 Eradication of Illiteracy in Cherepovets14
	150. Preparing for the Abolition of Money, January 1921
	Soviet Culture:
	From Liberation to Subjugation
	151* Education and the Arts, an Official Report, 1921
	152.	Senior Cheka Officials Oppose Cultural Elites Traveling Abroad, May 1921	[2,	pp. 18-9]
	153.	Handling Russia’s Cultural Elites, June 1922
	154.	Official Denunciation of Non-Communist Intellectuals, August 1922	[55]
	155.	Fedor Stepun Is Expelled from Soviet Russia
	156.	The Institutionalization of Soviet Censorship, December 2, 1922	[6,	pp.	36-7]
	157.	The Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, December 1922	[25, pp. 65-6]
	158.	Lenin’s “Testament,” December 1922 to January 1923	[44, vol. 36, pp. 593-7,603]
Glossary
Chronology of War and Revolution
	1914
Works Cited
Text Credits
Index