Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation & Sterilization, Fourth Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
ISBN 1405101997......Page 4
Contents (with page links)......Page 5
List of contributors......Page 7
Preface to the fourth edition......Page 9
Preface to the fist edition......Page 10
Part 1 Principles......Page 11
1 Early concepts......Page 13
2 Chemical disinfection......Page 14
3 Sterilization......Page 15
4 Future developments for chemical biocides......Page 16
5 References......Page 17
2 Types of antimicrobial agents\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 18
2 Phenols......Page 20
3 Organic and inorganic acids: esters and salts......Page 32
5 Biguanides......Page 39
6 Surface-active agents......Page 43
7 Aldehydes......Page 48
8 Antimicrobial dyes......Page 54
9 Halogens......Page 56
10 Quinoline and isoquinoline derivatives......Page 62
11 Alcohols......Page 63
12 Peroxygens......Page 66
13 Chelating agents......Page 67
15 Heavy-metal derivatives......Page 69
15.2 Silver compounds......Page 70
16 Anilides......Page 73
17 Miscellaneous preservatives......Page 74
18 Vapour-phase disinfectants......Page 81
20 Other uses of antimicrobial agents......Page 84
21 Which antimicrobial agent?......Page 85
23 References......Page 87
1 Introduction......Page 108
2 Pretreatment conditions......Page 109
3 Factors during treatment......Page 114
4 Post-treatment factors......Page 125
7 References......Page 128
1 Introduction......Page 138
2 The glycocalyx......Page 139
3 Physiological status in biofilm communities as a moderator of resistance......Page 140
4 Drug resistant physiologies......Page 141
5 Selection/induction of less susceptible clones......Page 143
6 Conclusions......Page 144
7 References......Page 145
1 Introduction......Page 149
2 Physical and chemical properties of biocides in relation to their antimicrobial action......Page 150
3 Methods for studying the mechanism of action of biocides......Page 151
5 Action on the cell wall......Page 153
6 Action on the cell membrane......Page 154
7 Interaction with the cytoplasm......Page 155
8 Action of individual classes of biocidal agents......Page 156
9 Conclusions......Page 157
10 References......Page 158
2 The Enterobacteriaceae......Page 164
3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa......Page 168
5 Bacterial biofilms and resistance......Page 170
6 Disinfection policies and intrinsic resistance......Page 172
7 Conclusions......Page 174
8 References......Page 175
2 Acquired biocide resistance......Page 180
3 Mechanisms of acquired biocide resistance......Page 184
4 Biocide–antibiotic cross-resistance......Page 187
5 Conclusions......Page 188
6 References......Page 189
1 Introduction......Page 194
3 Resistance to chemical agents......Page 195
5 References......Page 198
1 Introduction......Page 201
2 Susceptibility to biocides......Page 203
3 Mode of action of biocides against mycobacteria......Page 206
4 Resistance to biocides......Page 207
5 Clinical applications of mycobactericidal biocides......Page 208
7 References......Page 209
2 Structure and composition of fungi......Page 215
3 Activity of biocides against fungi......Page 217
4 Mechanisms of antifungal action......Page 220
5 Possible mechanisms of fungal resistance to biocides......Page 223
7 References......Page 226
1 Introduction......Page 230
2 Classification of disinfectant tests......Page 232
3 Tests determining the activity of disinfectants against vegetative bacteria......Page 233
3.2 Practical tests......Page 241
4 Tests determining the activity of disinfectants against mycobacteria......Page 244
5 Tests determining the activity of disinfectants against bacterial spores......Page 245
6 Tests determining the activity of disinfectants against fungi......Page 246
8 References......Page 247
1 Introduction......Page 251
2 Life cycle and differentiation......Page 252
3 Clinical importance......Page 253
4 Acanthamoeba, contact lenses and biocides......Page 255
5 Acanthamoeba keratitis, biocides and antimicrobial agents......Page 259
7 Biocides and differentiation......Page 260
8 Conclusions......Page 261
9 References......Page 262
1 Introduction......Page 268
2 Evaluation of protozoan viability......Page 269
3 Effects of biocides on protozoa found in soil and water......Page 271
4 Effect of physical treatment on protozoa......Page 275
5 Summary......Page 276
6 References......Page 277
1 Introduction......Page 282
2 The importance of viral human infections......Page 283
3 Effective use of disinfectants against viruses......Page 284
4 Evaluation of viricidal activity......Page 296
5 Mechanisms of viricidal action......Page 303
6 Viral resistance to biocide inactivation......Page 316
9 References......Page 319
1 Introduction......Page 334
2 Practical considerations in decontamination studies......Page 338
3 Inactivation methods......Page 340
4 Laboratory exposure to TDE agents......Page 345
5 References......Page 347
Part 2 Practice......Page 353
1 Introduction......Page 355
2 Classification of disinfectant tests......Page 356
3 Preliminary and secondary (step 1) testing methods: suspension......Page 357
4 Surface testing......Page 361
5 Mycobacteria......Page 362
6 Non-standard methods for investigating antimicrobial ef.cacy......Page 363
7 Conclusion......Page 365
8 References......Page 366
2 Heat inactivation kinetics......Page 371
3 Microbial susceptibility to heat......Page 373
4 Moist heat......Page 374
5 Thermal processing of foods......Page 380
6 Combination treatments......Page 381
7 Alternative means for heat delivery and control......Page 383
8 Dry heat......Page 384
9 Mechanisms of microbial inactivation......Page 385
10 Mechanisms of spore resistance to heat......Page 386
12 References......Page 387
1 Introduction......Page 394
2 Radiation energy......Page 395
4 Sensitivity and resistance of microorganisms to radiation......Page 396
5 Mechanisms of lethal action......Page 398
6 Choice of radiation dose......Page 399
7 Control procedures......Page 400
9 Ultraviolet radiation......Page 401
11 Sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation......Page 402
13 Repair mechanisms......Page 403
14 Effect of ultraviolet radiation on bacterial spores......Page 404
17 Conclusions......Page 405
18 References......Page 406
1 Introduction......Page 411
2 General principles......Page 412
3 Alkylating agents......Page 414
4 Oxidizing agents......Page 423
5 Conclusions......Page 438
6 References......Page 440
1 Introduction......Page 446
3 Applications and limitations of .ltration......Page 464
4 The testing of filters......Page 470
5 Designing a filtration system for the preparation of medicinal products......Page 475
6 References......Page 476
2 Ultrahigh pressure......Page 483
3 High-voltage electric pulses......Page 487
4 Other emerging technologies......Page 488
6 References......Page 490
1 The nature of medicines and cosmetics......Page 494
2 The consequences of microbial contamination......Page 495
3 The effect of formulation parameters on microbial contamination and spoilage......Page 497
4 Attenuation of preservative ef.cacy......Page 499
5 Enhancement of preservative ef.cacy......Page 503
6 Prediction of preservative ef.cacy......Page 504
7 Adverse reactions of users to preservatives......Page 507
8 Regulatory aspects of the preservation of medicines and cosmetics......Page 509
9 The use of preservatives in medicines and cosmetics......Page 510
10 Alternatives to conventional preservatives......Page 514
11 References......Page 515
1 Introduction......Page 524
2 Reprocessing issues......Page 526
3 Extent of the practice......Page 528
4 Specific examples......Page 529
5 Issues for debate......Page 531
6 Conclusion......Page 533
7 References......Page 534
2 Sterility – a question of semantics......Page 536
4 Factors affecting sterility assurance......Page 537
5 Sterility assurance in practice......Page 538
6 Sterility testing......Page 539
7 Process monitoring and parametric release......Page 541
8 Bioburden estimation......Page 546
9 Parametric release of product in practice......Page 547
11 References......Page 548
1 Introduction......Page 550
2 Skin .ora......Page 552
4 Strategies to prevent transmission of transient .ora......Page 553
5 Strategies against transmission of resident .ora......Page 557
6 The clinical impact of hand hygiene and the role of compliance with it......Page 560
7 Disinfection of operation sites......Page 562
8 Antisepsis in burns......Page 564
9 Use of antiseptics on skin and mucosae......Page 565
10 Practical aspects of disinfectants and antiseptics......Page 566
11 Conclusions......Page 567
12 References......Page 568
1 Introduction......Page 573
2 A rational approach to disinfection: a disinfectant policy......Page 575
3 Problems with certain microorganisms......Page 579
5 Treatment of the environment and equipment......Page 581
6 Conclusions......Page 589
7 References......Page 590
1 Laundry......Page 596
2 Clinical waste......Page 599
3 Conclusions......Page 602
4 References......Page 603
1 Introduction......Page 605
2 Dental instrument decontamination......Page 606
3 Surface cleaning and disinfection......Page 609
4 Disposal of clinical waste......Page 611
6 References......Page 612
3 Biosecurity and animal husbandry......Page 614
4 Cleaning and disinfection......Page 615
5 Activity of biocides against microbial agents of veterinary importance......Page 619
6 References......Page 621
2 Pool design......Page 624
3 Available disinfectants......Page 626
5 Health effects......Page 628
7 References......Page 630
1 Introduction......Page 632
2 Cleaning and disinfection systems......Page 633
3 Disinfection and sterilization......Page 634
4 Building and .ttings......Page 638
5 Air......Page 641
6 Equipment......Page 642
7 Water......Page 645
8 Raw materials......Page 647
9 Packaging......Page 648
12 References......Page 649
A......Page 651
B......Page 654
C......Page 657
D......Page 661
E......Page 663
F......Page 665
G......Page 666
H......Page 668
I......Page 671
J,K,L......Page 672
M......Page 673
N......Page 675
P......Page 676
Q......Page 680
S......Page 681
T......Page 684
U......Page 685
V......Page 686
W......Page 687
X,Y,Z......Page 688