Rubin’s Pathology Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine

Rubin\'s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, Seventh Edition
Half Title Page
Editors
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Section I: Mechanisms of Disease
	Chapter 1: Cell Adaptation, Injury and Death
		Mechanisms and Morphology of Cell Injury
			Reactions to Persistent Stress and Cell Injury
			Ubiquitin and the Ubiquitin–Proteasome System
		Cell Death
			Morphology of Cell Death
			Necrosis
			Programmed Cell Death
			Apoptosis Is a Form of PCD That Relies Exclusively on the Caspase Cascade
			Mechanisms of Apoptosis
			Specialized Forms of PCD
	Chapter 2: Inflammation
		Development of the Concept of Inflammation
		Overview of Inflammation
		Acute Inflammation Often Begins with Tissue Injury
		Plasma-Derived Mediators of Inflammation
		Cell-Derived Inflammatory Mediators
		Extracellular Matrix Mediators
		Cells of Inflammation
		Leukocyte Recruitment in Acute Inflammation
		Inflammatory Cell Functions in Acute Inflammation
		Regulation of the Acute Inflammatory Response
		Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
		Chronic Inflammation
		Injury and Repair in Chronic Inflammation
		Granulomatous Inflammation
		Chronic Inflammation and Tumorigenesis
		Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation
	Chapter 3: Repair, Regeneration and Fibrosis
		The Basic Processes of Healing
		Repair
		Regeneration
		Conditions That Modify Repair
	Chapter 4: Immunopathology
		The Biology of the Immune System
			Innate and Adaptive Immunity
			Cells and Tissues of the Immune System
			Major Histocompatibility Complex
			Immune Cell Effector Mechanisms
			Integrated Immune Responses
			Immunologically Mediated Tissue Injury
			Immunodeficiency Diseases
			Autoimmunity
			Transplantation Immunology
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
			The Appearance of AIDS
			HIV-1 Biology and Behavior
			Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Consequences
	Chapter 5: Neoplasia
		The Pathology of Neoplasia
			Benign Versus Malignant Tumors
			Classification of Neoplasms
			Histologic Diagnosis of Malignancy
			Invasion and Metastasis
			Staging and Grading of Cancers
		The Biology and Molecular Pathogenesis of Cancer
			Normal Processes That Regulate Cells and Inhibit Oncogenesis
			Hallmarks of Cancer
			Tumor Suppressors
			Inherited Cancer Syndromes
			Epigenetic Mechanisms and Cancer
			Cancer Cell Metabolism
			Genetic Instability in Cancer
			Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Heterogeneity
		Agents Implicated in Causing Cancer
			Viruses and Human Cancer
			Chemical Carcinogenesis
			Physical Carcinogenesis
			Systemic Effects of Cancer on the Host
			Epidemiology of Cancer
	Chapter 6: Developmental and Genetic Diseases
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Principles of Teratology
		Errors of Morphogenesis
		Cytogenetics and Chromosomes
		Chromosomal Syndromes
		Autosomal Dominant Disorders Are Expressed in Heterozygotes
		Autosomal Recessive Disorders
		X-linked Disorders
		Mitochondrial Diseases
		Genetic Imprinting
		Multifactorial Inheritance
		Screening for Carriers of Genetic Disorders
		Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders
		Diseases of Infancy and Childhood
		Prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Retardation
		Neoplasms of Infancy and Childhood
	Chapter 7: Hemodynamic Disorders
		Normal Circulation
		Disorders of Perfusion
		Thrombosis
		Embolism
		Infarction
		Edema
		Fluid Loss and Overload
		Shock
	Chapter 8: Environmental and Nutritional Pathology
		Smoking
		Alcoholism
		Drug Abuse
		Iatrogenic Drug Injury
		Sex Hormones
		Environmental Chemicals
		Thermal Regulatory Dysfunction
		Altitude-Related Illnesses
		Physical Injuries
		Ultraviolet Light
		Radiation
		Nutritional Disorders
	Chapter 9: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
		The Toll of Infectious Diseases
			Infectivity and Virulence
			Host Defense Mechanisms
		Viral Infections: Introduction
		Viral Infections: RNA Viruses
			Respiratory Viruses
			Viral Exanthems
			Mumps
			Intestinal Virus Infections
			Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
		Viral Infections: DNA Viruses
			Adenovirus
			Human Parvovirus (Erythrovirus) B19
			Smallpox (Variola)
			Monkeypox
			Herpesviruses
			Epstein-Barr Virus
			Cytomegalovirus
			Human Papillomavirus
		Prions: A New Disease Paradigm
		Bacterial Infections
			Pyogenic Gram-Positive Cocci
			Bacterial Infections of Childhood
			Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
			Enteropathogenic Bacterial Infections
			Pulmonary Infections with Gram-Negative Bacteria
			Clostridial Diseases
			Bacterial Infections with Animal Reservoirs or Insect Vectors
			Infections Caused by Branching Filamentous Organisms
		Spirochetal Infections
			Syphilis
			Nonvenereal Treponematoses
			Lyme Disease
		Leptospirosis
			Relapsing Fever
			Fusospirochetal Infections
		Chlamydial Infections
			Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection
			Psittacosis (Ornithosis)
			Chlamydia Pneumoniae
		Rickettsial Infections
			Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
			Epidemic (Louse-Borne) Typhus
			Endemic (Murine) Typhus
			Scrub Typhus
			Q Fever
		Mycoplasmal Infections
		Mycobacterial Infections
			Tuberculosis
			Leprosy
			Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare Complex
			Atypical Mycobacteria
		Fungal Infections
			Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia
			Candida
			Aspergillosis
			Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis)
			Cryptococcosis
			Histoplasmosis
			Coccidioidomycosis
			Blastomycosis
			Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)
			Sporotrichosis
			Chromomycosis
			Dermatophyte Infections
			Mycetoma
		Protozoal Infections
			Malaria
			Babesiosis
			Toxoplasmosis
			Amebiasis
			Cryptosporidiosis
			Giardiasis
			Leishmaniasis
			Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
			African Trypanosomiasis
			Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
		Helminthic Infection
			Filarial Nematodes
			Intestinal Nematodes
			Tissue Nematodes
			Trematodes (Flukes)
			Cestodes: Intestinal Tapeworms
		Emerging and Reemerging Infections
			Agents of Biowarfare
Section II: Pathogenesis of Systemic Conditions
	Chapter 10: Aging
		Biological Aging
		Cellular Senescence and Organismal Aging
		Genetic Diseases Resembling Premature Aging
		Reduced Caloric Intake and Longevity
	Chapter 11: Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
		Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
		Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
			Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
			Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Vasculitides
			Sjögren Syndrome
			Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
			Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
	Chapter 12: Sepsis
		Definitions
		Triggers of Sepsis
		Physiologic Responses to SIRS/Sepsis
	Chapter 13: Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus
		Obesity
			Energy Intake and Expenditure
			Body Mass Index and Obesity
		Overnutrition, Insulin Resistance and Responsiveness Syndromes
		Diabetes Mellitus
			Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
			Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
			Complications of Diabetes
	Chapter 14: The Pathology of Pregnancy
		Obstetric Pathology and the Pathology of Pregnancy
		Placenta
		Immune Tolerance in Pregnancy
		Placental Infections
		Noninfectious Conditions Affecting Chorionic Villi
		Vascular Disorders of the Placenta
		Meconium Disorders
		Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight
		Spontaneous Abortion
		Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
		Multiple Gestations
		Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
		Hellp Syndrome
		Amniotic Fluid Embolism
		Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
		Gestational Diabetes
		Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
		Maternal Cardiac Disease
		Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
	Chapter 15: The Amyloidoses
		Constituents of Amyloid
		Staining Properties of Amyloid Deposits
		Clinical Classification of the Amyloidoses and Fibril Proteins
		Morphologic Features of Amyloidosis
		Clinical Features and Organ Involvement in Amyloidosis
		Treatment of Amyloidosis
Section III: Diseases of Individual Organ Systems
	Chapter 16: Blood Vessels
		Anatomy of Blood Vessels
		Cells of the Blood Vessel Wall
		Hemostasis and Thrombosis
		Atherosclerosis
		Hypertensive Vascular Disease
		Mönckeberg Medial Sclerosis
		Raynaud Phenomenon
		Fibromuscular Dysplasia
		Vasculitis
		Aneurysms
		Veins
		Lymphatic Vessels
		Benign Tumors of Blood Vessels
		Malignant Tumors of Blood Vessels
		Tumors of the Lymphatic System
	Chapter 17: The Heart
		Anatomy of the Heart
		Myocardial Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
		Congenital Heart Disease
		Ischemic Heart Disease
		Hypertensive Heart Disease
		Cor Pulmonale
		Acquired Valvular and Endocardial Diseases
		Myocarditis
		Metabolic Diseases of the Heart
		Cardiomyopathy
		Sudden Cardiac Death
		Cardiac Tumors
		Diseases of the Pericardium
		Pathology of Interventional Therapies
	Chapter 18: The Respiratory System
		The Normal Respiratory System
			Embryology
			Anatomy
			Defense Mechanisms
		The Lungs
			Congenital Anomalies
			Diseases of the Bronchi and Bronchioles
			Infections
			Diffuse Alveolar Damage
			Rare Alveolar Diseases
			Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
			Pneumoconioses
			Interstitial Lung Disease
			Lung Transplantation
			Vasculitis and Granulomatosis
			Pulmonary Hypertension
		Pulmonary Neoplasms
			Pulmonary Hamartoma
			Carcinoma of the Lung
		The Pleura
			Pneumothorax
			Pleural Effusion
			Pleuritis
			Tumors of the Pleura
	Chapter 19: The Gastrointestinal Tract
		The Esophagus
			Anatomy
			Congenital Disorders
			Motor Disorders
			Hiatal Hernia
			Esophagitis
			Esophageal Varices
			Lacerations and Perforations
			Neoplasms of the Esophagus
		The Stomach
			Anatomy
			Congenital Disorders
			Acute Gastritis
			Chronic Gastritis
			Peptic Ulcer Disease
			Enlarged Rugal Folds Usually Reflect Ménétrier or Zollinger-Ellison Diseases
			Benign Neoplasms
			Malignant Neoplasms
		The Small Intestine
			Anatomy
			Congenital and Neonatal Disorders
			Malabsorption
			Obstruction
			Intestinal Ischemia
			Crohn Disease
			Infections and Toxins
			Neoplasms
		The Ampulla
			Anatomy
			Neoplasms
		The Appendix
			Appendicitis
			Appendiceal Neoplasms
		The Large Intestine
			Anatomy
			Congenital Disorders
			Infections of the Large Intestine
			Diverticular Disease
			Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			Vascular Diseases
			Radiation Enterocolitis
			Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome
			Polyps of the Colon and Rectum
			Other Tumors of the Large Intestine
		The Anus
			Benign Lesions of the Anal Canal
			Malignant Tumors of the Anal Canal
		The Peritoneum
			Peritonitis
			Neoplasms of the Peritoneum
	Chapter 20: The Liver and Biliary System
		The Liver
			Anatomy
			Functions of the Liver
			Bilirubin Metabolism and Mechanisms of Jaundice
			Cirrhosis
			Hepatic Failure
			Portal Hypertension
			Viral Hepatitis
			Pathology of Viral Hepatitis
			Autoimmune Hepatitis
			Alcoholic Liver Disease
			Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
			Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
			Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
			Iron Overload Syndromes
			Heritable Disorders Associated with Cirrhosis
			Indian Childhood Cirrhosis
			Drug-induced Liver Injury
			The Porphyrias
			Vascular Disorders
			Bacterial Infections
			Parasitic Infestations
			Cholestatic Syndromes of Infancy
			Benign Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions
			Malignant Tumors of the Liver
			Liver Transplantation
		The Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
			Anatomy
			Congenital Anomalies
			Cholelithiasis
			Acute Cholecystitis
			Chronic Cholecystitis
			Cholesterolosis
			Tumors
	Chapter 21: The Pancreas
		Anatomy and Physiology
		Congenital Anomalies
		Acute Pancreatitis
		Chronic Pancreatitis
		Pancreatic Exocrine Neoplasia
		The Endocrine Pancreas
	Chapter 22: The Kidney
		Anatomy
			Blood Vessels
		Congenital and Inherited Renal Diseases
			Congenital Anomalies
			Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
		Acquired Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Kidney
			Glomerular Diseases
			Vascular Diseases
			Diseases of Tubules and Interstitium
			Renal Stones (Nephrolithiasis and Urolithiasis)
			Obstructive Uropathy and Hydronephrosis
			Renal Transplantation
		Tumors of the Kidney
			Benign Renal Tumors
			Malignant Tumors of the Kidney
	Chapter 23: The Lower Urinary Tract and Male Reproductive System
		Anatomy and Embryology
			Lower Urinary Tract
			Male Reproductive System
		Renal Pelvis and Ureter
			Congenital Disorders
			Ureteritis and Ureteral Obstruction
			Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
		Urinary Bladder
			Congenital Disorders
			Cystitis
			Benign Proliferative and Metaplastic Urothelial Lesions
			Tumors of the Urinary Bladder
		Penis, Urethra and Scrotum
			Congenital Disorders of the Penis
			Scrotal Masses
			Circulatory Disturbances
			Inflammatory Disorders
			Urethritis and Related Conditions
			Tumors
		Testis, Epididymis and Vas Deferens
			Cryptorchidism
			Abnormalities of Sexual Differentiation
			Male Infertility
			Epididymitis
			Orchitis
			Tumors of the Testis
		Prostate
			Prostatitis
			Nodular Hyperplasia of the Prostate
			In Situ and Invasive Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate
	Chapter 24: The Female Reproductive System and Peritoneum
		Embryology
		Genital Infections
		Vulva
			Anatomy
			Developmental Anomalies and Cysts
			Dermatoses
			Benign Tumors
			Malignant Tumors and Premalignant Conditions
		Vagina
			Anatomy
			Nonneoplastic Conditions and Benign Tumors
			Malignant Tumors of the Vagina
		Cervix
			Anatomy
			Cervicitis
			Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions of the Cervix
			Squamous Cell Neoplasia
		Uterus
			Anatomy
			The Menstrual Cycle
			Endometrium of Pregnancy
			Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus
			Endometritis
			Traumatic Lesions
			Adenomyosis
			Hormonal Effects
			Endometrial Tumors
		Fallopian Tube
			Anatomy
			Salpingitis
			Ectopic Pregnancy
			Fallopian Tube Tumors
		Ovary
			Anatomy and Embryology
			Cystic Lesions of the Ovaries
			Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
			Stromal Hyperthecosis
			Ovarian Tumors
		Peritoneum
			Endometriosis
			Mesothelial Tumors
			Serous Tumors (Primary and Metastatic)
			Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
	Chapter 25: The Breast
		Development, Anatomy and Physiologic Change
		Developmental Abnormalities
		Inflammatory Diseases of the Breast
		Benign Epithelial Lesions
		Fibroepithelial Lesions
		Stromal Lesions
		Carcinoma of the Breast
		Prognostic Factors
		The Male Breast
	Chapter 26: Hematopathology
		Bone and Normal Myelopoietic Cells
			Embryology
			Bone Marrow
		Red Blood Cells
			Normal Structure and Function
			Anemia
			Polycythemia
		Platelets and Hemostasis
			Normal Hemostasis
			Hemostatic Disorders
		Nonmalignant Disorders of White Blood Cells
			Disorders of Neutrophils
			Disorders of Other White Blood Cell Series
		Disorders of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
			Nonmalignant Stem Cell Disorders
			Leukemias and Myelodysplastic Syndromes
		Disorders of the Lymphoid System
			Normal Lymph Nodes and Lymphocytes
			Benign Disorders of the Lymphoid System
			Malignant Lymphomas
			Histiocytic Disorders
		Spleen
			Anatomy and Function
			Disorders of the Spleen
		Thymus
			Anatomy and Function
			Agenesis and Dysplasia
			Thymic Hyperplasia
			Thymoma
		Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involvingthe Hematopoietic System
			Hematologic Manifestations of Neoplasia
			Cutaneous Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
			Endocrine Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
			Renal Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
			Neurologic Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
			Rheumatic Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
			General Symptomatologic Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
	Chapter 27: The Endocrine System
		Pituitary Gland
			Anatomy
			Hypopituitarism
			Pituitary Adenomas
			Posterior Pituitary
			Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis
		Thyroid Gland
			Anatomy
			Thyroid Function
			Congenital Anomalies
			Nontoxic Goiter
			Hypothyroidism
			Hyperthyroidism
			Thyroiditis
			Follicular Adenoma of the Thyroid
			Thyroid Cancer
		Parathyroid Glands
			Anatomy and Physiology
			Hypoparathyroidism
			Primary Hyperparathyroidism
			Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
		Adrenal Cortex
			Anatomy
			Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
			Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency
			Adrenal Hyperfunction
			Miscellaneous Adrenal Tumors
		Adrenal Medulla and Paraganglia
			Anatomy and Function
			Pheochromocytoma
			Neuroblastoma
		Pineal Gland
			Anatomy and Function
			Neoplasms
			Paraneoplastic Syndromes with Endocrine Function
	Chapter 28: The Skin
		Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
		Diseases of the Epidermis
		Diseases of the Basement Membrane Zone (Dermal–Epidermal Interface)
		Inflammatory Diseases of the Superficial and Deep Vascular Bed
		Scleroderma: A Disorder of the Dermal Connective Tissue
		Inflammatory Disorders of the Panniculus
		Infections and Infestations
		Primary Neoplasms of the Skin
		Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involving the Skin
	Chapter 29: The Head and Neck
		Oral Cavity
			Developmental Anomalies
			Infections of the Oral Cavity
			Benign Tumors
			Preneoplastic or Precursor Epithelial Lesions
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Malignant Minor Salivary Gland Neoplasms
			Benign Diseases of the Lips
			Benign Diseases of the Tongue
			Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
			Periodontal Disease
			Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors
		Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
			Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Nose and Nasal Vestibule
			Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
			Malignancies of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
		Nasopharynx and Oropharynx
			Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hypoplasia and Hyperplasia
			Infections
			Neoplasms
		Larynx and Hypopharynx
			Infections
			Vocal Cord Nodule and Polyp
			Neoplasms of the Larynx
		Salivary Glands
			Benign Salivary Gland Neoplasms
			Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors
		The Ear
			External Ear
			Middle Ear
			Internal Ear
	Chapter 30: Bones, Joints and Soft Tissue
		Bones
			Anatomy
			Bone Formation and Growth
			Disorders of the Growth Plate
			Modeling Abnormalities
			Delayed Maturation of Bone
			Fracture
			Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis, Aseptic Necrosis)
			Reactive Bone Formation
			Infections
			Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		Metabolic Bone Diseases
			Osteoporosis
			Osteomalacia and Rickets
			Primary Hyperparathyroidism
			Renal Osteodystrophy
			Paget Disease of Bone
			Gaucher Disease
			Fibrous Dysplasia
			Benign Tumors of Bone
			Malignant Tumors of Bone
		Joints
			Classification of Synovial Joints
			Structures of the Synovial Joint
			Osteoarthritis
			Neuropathic Joint Disease (Charcot Joint)
			Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Lyme Disease
			Gout
			Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease (Chondrocalcinosis and Pseudogout)
			Calcium Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease
			Hemophilia, Hemochromatosis and Ochronosis
			Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of Joints
		Soft Tissue Tumors
			Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions of Fibrous Origin
			Tumors of Adipose Tissue
			Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Smooth Muscle Tumors
			Vascular Tumors
			Synovial Sarcoma
	Chapter 31: Skeletal Muscle and Peripheral Nervous System
		Skeletal Muscle
			Embryology and Anatomy
			General Pathologic Reactions
			Muscular Dystrophy
			Congenital Myopathies
			Inflammatory Myopathies
			Myasthenia Gravis
			Inherited Metabolic Diseases
			Rhabdomyolysis
			Denervation
			Type II Fiber Atrophy
			Critical Illness Myopathy
		The Peripheral Nervous System
			Anatomy
			Reactions to Injury
			Peripheral Neuropathies
			Nerve Trauma
			Tumors
			Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involving Muscle and Peripheral Nerves
	Chapter 32: The Central Nervous System
		The Central Nervous System
			Cells of the Nervous System
			Specialized Regions of the Central Nervous System
			Increased Intracranial Pressure and Herniation
			Trauma
			Cerebrovascular Disorders
			CNS Infections
			Demyelinating Diseases
			Toxic and Metabolic Disorders
			Neurodegenerative Disorders
			Developmental Malformations
			Central Nervous System Neoplasia
		Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involving the Central Nervous System
			Autoimmune Tumor-Associated Syndromes
	Chapter 33: The Eye
		Physical and Chemical Injuries
		The Eyelids
		The Orbit
		The Conjunctiva
		The Cornea
		The Lens
		The Uvea
		The Retina
		The Optic Nerve
		Glaucoma
		Myopia
		Phthisis Bulbi
		Ocular Neoplasms
	Chapter 34: Forensic Pathology
		The Manner of Death
		Evidence Analyzed by the Forensic Pathologist
		Accident Versus Homicide Versus Suicide
		Timing of Death
Figure Acknowledgments
Index
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