Routledge Handbook of Islamic Ritual and Practice

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Figures
Boxes
Acknowledgements and Editorial Comments
Contributors
Introduction
	What Is Ritual in Religion?
	Sources of Ritual in Islam
	Ritual and Everyday Life
	Rituals and Belief
		Taqwa
	The Role of the Secular
	The Reasons for Rituals
	Bibliography
Part I Texts
	1 The Qur’an: Ritual, Practice, Embodiment, and Culture
		Introduction
		Background and History
		Interpretation
		Ritual and Practice
		Embodiment
		Culture
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	2 Hadith
		Introduction
		What Is Hadith?
		The Role of the Prophet
		Prophetic Authority and the ‘Well-Trodden Way’ (Sunna)
		Hadith: The Documentation of the Prophetic Sunna
		Hadith Verification
		Attitude of Contemporary Muslims Vis-À-Vis Hadith
		Late-Sunni Traditionalists
		Traditional Salafis
		Modernist Salafis
		Qur’anist
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part II Groups
	3 The Hanafis
		Introduction
		The Intellectual Milieu of the Nascent Hanafis
		Hallmarks of Hanafi Epistemology (Ritual Theory)
		The Inquisition’s Epistemic Bottlenecking
		Hallmarks of Hanafi Ritual Practice
		Transoxania and Khorasan
		China
		The Turkic Tradition and Rumelian Hanafis
		Arab Hanafism
		Seylac, Awdal, Somalia (Zayla, Al-Zanj)
		South Asian Hanafism
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	4 The Hanbalis: The Later Generation and the Development of the Mu‘tamad Opinions
		Different Generations of Hanbali Scholars
		Determining “Official” Opinions of the Hanbali School (al-Madhhab)
			The Later Generation: Its Approach, Dominance, and Consolidation of the Hanbali School
		Purification for Ritual in the Hanbali School
		Notes
		Bibliography
	5 Malikis
		Introduction
		Sources and Bibliography
		How Have Malikis Approached the Term ‘Ibada?
		Ritual Purity (Tahara)
		Ritual Prayer (Salat)
		The Profession of Faith
		Canonical Prayer
		The Communal Dimension of Canonical Prayer; the Friday Prayer
			Mosques
			Funerary Prayers and Cemeteries
		Supererogatory Prayers
		Zakat (Alms Tax)
			Properties Subject to Zakat
			Livestock
			Agricultural Products
			Commercial Goods
			Endowments
			Slaves
			Money and Precious Metals
			Zakat Collectors and the Collection of Zakat
			The Distribution of Zakat and Its Potential Recipients
			Zakat Al-Fitr
			Zakat in Modern Times
		Hajj
		Ramadan
		Notes
		Bibliography
	6 Salafi Ritual Law and Practice
		Salafi Ritual Law and Practice
		Key Features of Salafi Ritual Law and Practice
		An Uncompromising Attitude to Ritual Obligations
		An Eclectic Approach to Ritual-Legal Sources
		A Practical Method of Enforcing (Ritual) Boundaries/Hierarchies
		A Way to Blur the Lines Between the Sacred and Profane
		A Strategy to Communicate Key Theological and Ethical Messages
		A Site of Empowerment/Transformation
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	7 The Shafiʿis
		Al-Shafiʿiyya
		Al-Shafiʿi On Rituals and Practices
		Prayer
		Women’s Prayers
		Female Circumcision (Mashima)
		The Pilgrimage (Hajj)
		Zakat (Almsgiving)
		Fasting
		Popular Rituals and Practices
		Bibliography
	8 Shi‘i Rituals and Practices
		Shi‘ism and the Qur’an
		Authority of the Prophet
		Authority During the Absence of the Twelfth Imam
		Shi‘i Law
		Shi‘i Festivals and Holidays
		The Martyrdom of Husayn and Shi‘i Rituals
		The Taziyeh
		Majalis
		The Ziyara in Shi‘ism
		Shi‘ism in America
		Notes
		Bibliography
	9 The Ismailis: History, Doctrines, and Ritual Practices
		Introduction
		The Ismailis in History
			Musta‘li Ismailis
			Nizari Ismailis
		Ismaili Doctrinal Beliefs
		Ismaili Congregational Spaces
		Ismaili Ritual Practices
			Forms of Prayers
			Forms of Giving
			Religious Poetry
			Rites of Passage
				Oath of Allegiance
				Chiragh-i Rawshan
		Ismaili Festivals
		Notes
		Bibliography
	10 Ibadis
		Bibliography
	11 Ritual Practices Among the ʿAlawis, the Druze, the Ahmadis, and Black Muslims
		Introduction
		The .Alawis
		The Druze
		The Ahmadis
		Black Muslims
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	12 Sufis: Invoking God’s Name and the Practice of Dhikr
		Sufism as a Way, Knowledge, and Experience
		Dhikr – The Central Element of Sufi Spirituality
		Quranic and Prophetic Foundation of Dhikr
		Ritual-Technical Aspects of Dhikr
		Sufi Orders and Their Methods of Dhikr
		Dhikr of the Tongue, Dhikr of the Heart, and Dhikr of the Innermost Secret
		Fana‘ – The Final Goal of Dhikr
		Dhikr – Islamic Spirituality for Today?
		Notes
		Bibliography
	13 Returning to God: Constructing Agency Through the Practice of Dhikr in Sufi Islam
		Introduction
		Sociological Typologies of Agency: Instrumental, Performative, and Compliant
		“Returning to God”: An Agency Approach to Dhikr Practices
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part III Practices
	14 Prayer
		The Spirituality of Orthopraxy
		Praying in Community
		Praying and the Self
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	15 Language, Ritual, and Non-Ritual Prayer: Salat and Du'a
		Salat/Namaz
		Repetition of Language
		Choice of Language
		Non-Ritual Prayer: Du.a
		Conclusion
		Note
		Bibliography
	16 Qur’an Recital
		A.udhu Bi-Llahi Min Al-Shaytan Al-Rajim
		Recitation in Islamic Tradition
		Tahera Ahmad’s Recitation at the 2013 ISNA Convention
		Conclusions and Opportunities
		Notes
		Bibliography
	17 Ramadan
		17.1 Encountering Ramadan
		17.2 Scriptural Ramadan
		17.3 Lived Ramadan
		Bibliography
	18 Mawlid
		Introduction and Overview
		History and Early Critiques
		Contemporary Practices and Debates
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	19 Circumcision
		Indications for Circumcision
		Circumcision: A Religious Ritual
		Primary Sources of Islamic Law or Shari'a
		Circumcision – Level of Importance in Islam
		Major Sects of Islam and Circumcision
			Sunnis
			Shi.as
		Recommended Time Or Age for Circumcision
		Circumcision in Other Religions
		Circumcision as a Cultural Practice
		Effect of Local Customs On Circumcision Practices in Muslim Majority Countries
		Effect of Local Customs On Circumcision Practices in Non-Muslim Majority Countries
		Circumcision, a Medical Indication
		Controversies Linked With Circumcision
		Bibliography
	20 Halal Slaughter
		Introduction: Islamic Law and Ritual Slaughter
		Competing and Divergent Understandings
		Humane Slaughter and Animal Welfare
		The Globalization of Food Supply
		The Changing Parameters of Ritual Slaughter Practice in the Global Market
		Ritual Slaughter Practice in the UK
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	21 Tahara
		Introduction
		Ritual Purity (Tahara) and Impurity (Najasa) According to Legal Manuals – An Overview
			Intrinsic Impurity (Najasa)
			Ritual Or Circumstantial Impurity (Hadath)
			Purification
		The Search for Spiritual Meanings Behind Ritual Purification
		Independence of Islamic Purity Law
		The Qur’anic Use of Purity- and Impurity-Related Terms
		Impurity – Danger? Consequences for the Daily Life of the Believers and Non-Believers
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	22 The Social Dynamics of Khulʿ: The Experience of German Muslims
		Introduction
		Khul.: Meaning and Religions Legitimacy
		Khul. in Germany
		Khul. By Mutual Consent
		Judicial Khul.
		Notes
		Bibliography
	23 Islamic Fashion
		What Is Fashion?
		Islamic Fashion and Anti-Fashion
		The Global Infrastructure of Islamic Fashion
		The Future of Islamic Fashion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	24 Young Adults: Fueling Young Muslim Adults’ Religiosity By Connecting Islamic Beliefs and Practices Across Their Development
		Islamic Religious Grounding
		Framing Diverse Contexts and Implications for Religiosity
		Religious Identity Development and Socialization in Context
		Ritual as Robust Practice Embedded in Religiosity
		Psychological Meaning of Rituals for the Individual
		Ritual Use, Early Socialization, and Identity Development
		Channeling Religious Education and Socialization
		Centering Ritual in Religion and Spirituality in Young Adults
		Religious Ritual Anchoring Points for Muslim Youth
		Implications and Conclusions
		Note
		Bibliography
Part IV Places
	25 Sacred Space
		Notes
		Bibliography
	26 Sacred Spaces: Adaptation and Early Islam
		Introduction
		Sanctuaries of the Abrahamic Faiths
			Under the Rashidun (11–40/632–661)
				Damascus
				Homs
				Hama
				Aleppo
			Under the Umayyads (41–132/661–750)
			A Look at Later Times: The Case of Egypt
				Sanctuaries of the Non-Abrahamic Faiths
				Legality of Sacred Space Adaptation
			First: Sanctity of the Other God-Worship Sanctuaries
			Second: Prayer in the Other God-Worship Sanctuaries
			Third: Suitability of Foreign Religious Types for the Muslim Ritual
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	27 Twelver Shi‘a Pilgrimage: Ziyara
		Introduction
		Terms and Categorisations in the Study of Pilgrimage
		A Short Presentation of Sources to the Study of Ziyara
		Part One
		Ziyara Destinations, Rituals of Devotion and the Mediation of Blessings
		Ziyara Destinations
			Al-haram Imam
			Imamzada
			Relic Shrines
			Proxy Shrines
			Civic Monuments
		Rituals of Devotion
			Formally Approved Rituals
			Local Devotional Customs
			Pilgrimage From a Distance: Mental Pilgrimage
			Pilgrimage From a Distance: Cyberpilgrimage
			Mediating Baraka
		Part Two
		Questions of Authenticity and Legality
			The Authenticity and Legality of Visiting Shrines
			The Authenticity of Shrines
		Part Three
		Intersecting Journeys and Rituals
			Intersecting Journeys
			Intersecting Rituals
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	28 Ziyara (ʿAlawi Ritual and Practice)
		Introduction
		The Population and Leadership
		Private Ritual and Practice
		Public Ritual and Practice
		Notes
		Bibliography
	29 The Qibla: Ritual Orientation in the Formation of Islamic Collective Identity
		The Obligation to Face the Qibla
		What Is “Identity” and How Does It Work?
		Ritual Performance
		Sacred Geography
		Interreligious Encounter
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Part V Others
	30 Animals as Agents?: A Qur’anic View
		Introduction
		What Is the “Animal”?
		The Qur’an as a Place of God–Human–Animal Encounters
		The Concept of a Relational Agency
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	31 Heresy Or Moral Imperative?: Islamic Perspectives On Veganism
		Introduction
		Veganism – A Very Short History
		The Question of Khilafa and the Existential Function of the Human Being
		The “Halal Bubble” – The Ugly Reality of Modern Animal Farming
		Maintaining the Balance – Harms and Benefits of Eating Animals
		Vegan .Eid Al Adha – A Contradiction in Terms?
		Muslim Responses – From Rejection to Redemption
		Vegan Muslims – From Al-Ma.arri to Ghilan
		From Legal to Moral as the Central Domain
		Notes
		Bibliography
	32 “Islamic Reformism”: Colonial Influence On Muslim Intellectual Practice
		Reformist Discourse and Colonial Hegemony
		Emergence of a Transnational Intellectual Space and the Spread of the Printing Industry
		State Construction and Development of New Religious Education
		Conclusion: Reformism as the Birth of a New Intellectual Relationship to Islam
		Notes
		Bibliography
	33 Qur’an, Rituals, and Muslim Memory of Jews
		Rituals and Text
		Modern Jewish–Muslim Attitudes
		Bibliography
	34 Muslim Attitudes to Christian Ritual and Practice
		Introduction
		Relevant Qur’anic Passages
		Relevant Hadith and Other Traditions
		Contemporary Examples of Muslim Attitudes to Christian Ritual and Practice
		Christian Attitudes to Muslim Ritual and Practice
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	35 Interfaith Practices
		Frames of Interpretation: Theological and Legal Regulations
		Gender Differentiation in Theological Sources and Interpretations
			Feminist and Reformist Perspectives On Interfaith Marriage
		Law and Society: The National Context
		Lived Social and Religious Practices
		Religious Practice in Interfaith Family Contexts
		Child-Rearing: Names, Education, and Practices
		Conclusions: Multidimensionality and Negotiation
		Notes
		Bibliography
	36 Ritual, Embodiment and Creativity in the Muslim Diaspora: Transnational Migrations and Symbolic Returns
		The Naturalization of Ritual
		Public Festivals, Processions and Carnivals
		Islamic Heartland and Peripheries
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	37 The Secular World
		Overview
		A Secular/Muslim Divide?
		Diversity and Dissonance in Islam
		The Cultural Muslim
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	38 Rituals, Equality, and Difference
		Religious Law and Secular Principles
		Pleasing God and Agency
		Equality and Faith
		Rituals and Conflict With the Secular
		Bibliography
Index