Routledge Handbook of Ecotourism

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Introduction
	References
Theme 1: Sustainability
1. Ecotourism and the sustainable development goals
	Introduction
	Goal 1: No poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
	Goal 2: Zero hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
	Goal 3: Good health and wellbeing: Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages
	Goal 4: Quality education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
	Goal 5: Gender equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
	Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
	Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
	Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth; full and productive employment; and decent work for all
	Goal 9: Industry, innovation, and infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and foster innovation
	Goal 10: Reduced inequalities: Reduce inequality within and among countries
	Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
	Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
	Goal 13: Climate action: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
	Goal 14: Life below water: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development
	Goal 15: Life on land: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests
	Goal 16: Peace, justice, and strong institutions: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development; provide access to justice for all; and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels
	Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development
	Moving forward
	Note
	References
2. Ecotourism, regenerative tourism, and the circular economy: Emerging trends and ecotourism
	Beyond sustainability
		A brief primer on the circular economy
		The regenerative movement
			Regenerative tourism
		Regenerative resilience: Building back better
		Binna Burra Lodge: Recovery and regeneration
			Be as prepared as possible
			Bias toward action and confidence
		Social capital, systems support, and regenerative recovery
		Physical recovery and development
		Cultural heritage-based regeneration
	Conclusions
		Lessons from Binna Burra
		Emerging insights
	References
3. Ecotourism and the trouble with transportation
	Introduction
	The ecotourism—Transport nexus
		The local dimension
		Ecotourism, transport, and diversity in a national park setting
		A regional/international perspective
		Pursuing a sustainable ecotourism transport future
	Conclusion
	References
4. Linking resilience thinking and sustainability pillars to ecotourism principles
	Introduction
		Sustainable tourism overview
		Resilience overview
		Linking resilience and sustainability
		Community resilience-enhancing characteristics
		Individual resilience-enhancing characteristics
		Ecotourism principles and resilience
		Reconceptualising the sustainability and resilience of ecotourism operations
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
5. Overtourism in Petra protected area: Tour guides\' perspectives
	Introduction
	Aim and scope of the research
	Literature review
		Overtourism
		The role of the tour guides
	Methodology
	Findings
		Tour guides\' perspectives on overtourism
		Tourists\' behaviour and changes in attitudes
		Tour guides\' strategies, techniques, and future solutions
	Discussion and conclusion
	References
6. Technology and the sustainable tourist in the new age of disruption
	Introduction
	Theoretical and methodologial frameworks
	Results
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Theme 2: Ethics and identities
7. Enchantment: Feeding care within the cracks of ecotourism
	Introduction
	Ecotourism and the limits of nature
	Ecotourism and care ethics
	Enchantment
	Synthesis
	References
8. Ecotourism development through culturally sensitive universalism
	Introduction
	Global ethics
	Development ethics
	Towards culturally sensitive universalism
	The Franklin shipwrecks
	Opportunities for a code of conduct
	Processes and outcomes
	Recommendations and conclusions
	Note
	References
9. Wolf ecotourism: A posthumanist approach to wildlife ecotourism
	Introduction
		Short history of the wolf in the United States
	Nonhuman animal ethics in wildlife ecotourism
		Applying posthumanism to WTAs
		Conceptualising a posthumanist approach to wolf ecotourism
	Posthumanist analysist of wolf WTAs
		Wolf \'Sanctuary\' #1: No contact, wolves paired in separate enclosures
		Wolf \'Sanctuary\' #2: Wolves paired in separate enclosures, wolf-human contact encouraged
		Wolf \'Sanctuary\' #3: No wolf-human contact, wolves in packs
		Wolf \'Sanctuary\' #4: Wolf pack, wolf-human contact encouraged for education
		Wolf \'Sanctuary\' #5: Wolves in protected areas (Yellowstone National Park)
	Pathways toward a posthumanist future in wildlife ecotourism
	References
10. Indigenous ecotourism in Canada
	Introduction
	Definition of Indigenous ecotourism
	Benefits and barriers of Indigenous ecotourism
	The Larrakia Declaration and the N\'autsamawt Declaration
	Elements of Indigenous ecotourism
		Community focused
		Authenticity
		Nature based
		Partnerships
		Focus on sustainability
	Case studies
		Tundra North Tours
		Spirit Bear Lodge
		Focus on sustainability
	Conclusion
	References
11. The connection between nature and Sámi identity: The role of ecotourism
	Introduction
	Ecotourism: A brief overview
	Labels and ecotourism in Sámi tourism
	Methods
	Findings
		Sustainability, nature, and the role of ecotourism
		Other themes
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
12. The role of the visitor in stewardship and volunteering in tourism
	Introduction
	Stewardship and volunteerism managing approaches
	Stewardship and volunteer activities
	Applying a case study: Conducting stewardship and volunteering activities
	Conclusion and recommendations
	References
13. Ecotourism impact on livelihoods and wellbeing
	Introduction
	Ecotourism opportunities for local communities
	Ecotourism and the UN Sustainable Development Goals
	Ecotourism impact on means of Sustainable Development Goals
	Ecotourism impact on ultimate ends of Sustainable Development Goals
	Socio-ecological vulnerability and the impact of ecotourism
	Livelihood vulnerability and the impact of ecotourism
	Broadening the perspective of livelihood vulnerability and ecotourism impact potential
	Summary
	References
14. Female entrepreneurship and ecotourism
	Introduction
	Female entrepreneurship
		The importance of female entrepreneurship
		Personal traits and characteristics of female entrepreneurs
	Ecotourism and female entrepreneurship
		Benefits gained by female ecotourism entrepreneurs
		Motivations of female ecotourism entrepreneurs: \'push and pull\' factors
		Female ecotourism entrepreneurship cases and applications
		Challenges of female ecotourism entrepreneurship
	UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the importance of female ecotourism entrepreneurship
	Conclusion
	References
Theme 3: Change, conflict, and consumption
15. Ecotourism and accessibility for persons with disabilities
	Introduction
	The market for accessible tourism
	Motivations and expected benefits
	Barriers to access by persons with disabilities
	Strategies for increasing to access for people with disabilities
	Conclusion
	References
16. Ecotourism and climate change
	Climate change and the tourism system
		Climate change
	Ecotourism and climate change
		Climate change, natural systems, and ecotourism
		Climate change, human systems, and ecotourism
		Changing consumer behaviors
	Mitigation, adaptation, vulnerability, and resilience
		Mitigation
		Adaptation, vulnerability, and resilience
		Lessons from Binna Burra Lodge: Queensland, Australia
			Pre-disaster period
			The fire
			Immediate post-disaster recovery: #Bringbackbinnaburra
			Ongoing post-disaster recovery—the first year after the fire
			The next steps of recovery: Reset, reimagine, recreate
			Lessons from Binna Burra Lodge
	Conclusion
	References
17. Animals caught in the crossfire: Humanitarian efforts and responsible tourism opportunities
	Introduction
	War and conflict, ecotourism and conservation
	Animals caught in the crossfire: Examples and responses
	Conclusions and future research
	References
18. Anti-ecotourism: The convergence of localism and way of life
	Introduction
	Ecotourism and tension
		Place attachment
		Displacement
		Territoriality and localism
		Economic tensions
	Bighorn Country Proposal, Alberta Canada
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
19. Socialisation: How it augments ecotourists\' experiential satisfaction during ecotrips and after (in social media aided virtual settings)
	Introduction
	Ecotourists\' motivation, as we understand it
	Socialisation: A less heeded experiential trait of ecotourists
	Socialisation for ecotourists: The online context
	A wider significance of socialisation via social media and ecotourists; ecological citizenship
	Conclusion
	References
20. Vietnamese ecotourists: Ecotourists from an unconventional market
	Introduction
	Ecotourists from unconventional markets
	Cat Tien National Park
	Market segmentation study
		Unenthusiastic visitors = \'Softer ecotourists\'
		Typical visitors and sociable wildlife engagers = \'Structured ecotourists\'
	Qualitative study
	Nature and human
		Touching nature
		The alien concept of walking alone in the wilderness
		The preference to be a part of larger groups
		Big cities as safer than national parks
	Learning
	Sustainability
	Discussion and conclusion
	Notes
	References
21. Ecotourism as form of luxury consumption
	Introduction
	Luxury in tourism
	Luxury in hospitality
	The luxury dimension in ecotourism
		Background
		Recent developments: Soft versus hard ecotourism
		Luxury in ecotourism: Sustainable and ethical issues
		The role of ecotourists and of ecotourism providers
	Conclusion
	References
Theme 4: Environment and learning
22. Ecotourism and theories of learning/education
	Introduction
	Ecotourism and education
	Ecotourism education process
	Theoretical and methodological bases of the teaching and learning processes
	Relevant theories of knowledge and psychoeducational paradigms applicable to ecotourism
	Conclusion
	References
23. A critical analysis of sustainable destination governance from environmental perspective: A systematic review
	Introduction
	Literature review
		Sustainability and tourism governance
		Governance in ecotourism and protected areas
	UNWTO Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and governance for sustainable tourism
	Methods
		Review and selection of articles for analysis
	Thematic analysis of selected articles
	Conclusion
	References
24. Will work for food: Positioning animals in ecotourism
	Introduction
	Why animals are used in ecotourism
	How animals are used in ecotourism
	Animals as workers in the ecotourism industry
	Treatment of animals in ecotourism
	Justifying the treatment of animals in ecotourism
	A two-way relationship
	Current directions in animal-based ecotourism
	Conclusion
	References
25. Biodiversity conservation through an agroecotourism project: The case of Ovacık Village, Turkey
	Introduction
	Background to the study
	Methods
		Study site—Ovacık Village
		Future is in Tourism Program
		Research design
		Data collection and the sample
		Data analysis
	Findings
		Needs assessment
		Project activities
		Description of tourism services
		Benefits of the ecotourism project
	Discussion and conclusions
	References
26. Ecotourism and Rewilding Europe
	Rewilding Europe\'s mission as discursive formation
	From discursive formation to hybrid geography
	References
27. The role of ecotourism in nature needs half vision
	Introduction: Ecotourism and Half-Earth vision
	Wild areas and local communities
	Human relationship to the environment
	Half-Earth vision
	Ways forward: How ecotourism fits into Half-Earth
	Case study 1 elephant project: Mondulkiri
	Case study 2 (domestic) ecotourism: Vlieland
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
28. Ecotourism for conservation?
	Introduction
	Ecotourism: Rise and fall?
	The conservation benefits of ecotourism
		Support for wildlife and protected areas
		Diversified livelihoods
		Environmental interpretation and ethics
		Strengthened resource management institutions
	A framework for evaluation
		Define ecotourism
		Gather longitudinal data
		Address scale
		Measure noneconomic benefits
		Conduct participatory evaluations
		See the larger context
	Conclusion
	Summary points
	Future issues
	Disclosure statement
	Acknowledgments
	References
Conclusion
	Key concepts in chapters and sections
	Connectivity to the core criteria of ecotourism
	References
Index