Routledge Handbook of Asian Demography

Cover......Page 1
Endorsement......Page 2
Half Title......Page 4
Series Information......Page 5
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Table of contents......Page 8
List of Figures......Page 15
List of Maps......Page 20
List of Tables......Page 21
List of Contributors......Page 26
Historical population change in Asia and the world......Page 32
Preliminary matters......Page 35
Fertility decline......Page 36
Mortality decline......Page 38
Migration and population distribution......Page 39
Family and household formation and the individual life course......Page 41
Population and development......Page 42
References......Page 44
Introduction......Page 46
Censuses......Page 48
Civil registration......Page 52
Health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS)......Page 53
Secondary sources of Asian demographic data......Page 54
Consistency checks......Page 55
Indirect estimation......Page 56
The balancing equation and residual methods......Page 58
References......Page 60
Background: the development of population research institutions  prior to the 1960s......Page 63
The establishment of population institutions in Asia in the 1960s and 1970s......Page 67
Population institutions in Asia from the 1980s onwards......Page 70
The Asian Population Association......Page 72
References......Page 73
Introduction......Page 76
Population dynamics in historical Asian populations......Page 77
Household and family......Page 78
Mortality......Page 80
Reproduction......Page 81
Marriage......Page 82
Migration......Page 83
Genealogies......Page 84
Household registers......Page 85
Censuses......Page 87
Conclusion......Page 88
References......Page 89
The contours of fertility decline in Asia......Page 95
Some general characteristics of fertility decline in Asia......Page 97
Types of fertility decline......Page 99
The ?early rapid fallers? or ?demographic forerunners?......Page 103
?Slow fallers?......Page 105
?Rapid fallers still in transition?......Page 107
?Laggards?......Page 109
The ?special cases?......Page 110
Conclusions and the future of fertility in the region......Page 111
References......Page 113
The setting......Page 118
The practice of family planning and its effects......Page 120
Facilitating circumstances......Page 122
Programme maturation......Page 124
Critical issues......Page 126
Voluntarism and quality of care......Page 128
Underlying rationale......Page 129
Family planning policies and programmes in Asia since the 1994 Cairo conference......Page 130
The future of family planning in Asia......Page 133
Notes......Page 135
References......Page 136
Use of contraception......Page 140
Contraceptive prevalence and trends in Asia......Page 141
Relationship between contraceptive prevalence and fertility level......Page 143
Contraceptive methods and patterns of use......Page 144
Contraceptive discontinuation and switching......Page 148
Unmet need for contraception......Page 149
Determinants of contraceptive use......Page 151
Abortion......Page 152
Overview of abortion policies......Page 153
Safe and unsafe abortion: level, trend and reasons......Page 154
Relationship between abortion rate and contraceptive prevalence......Page 156
Techniques for safe abortion: vacuum aspiration and medical abortion......Page 157
Post-abortion care......Page 158
Conclusions and practical implications......Page 159
References......Page 160
Maternal mortality as the central indicator of reproductive health......Page 162
Problems of measurement......Page 163
Rise in skilled birth attendance......Page 167
The rise in caesarean deliveries......Page 169
Burdens of reproductive disease......Page 173
Sexually transmitted infections......Page 174
Cancers......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 179
References......Page 180
9 Son preference, sex ratios and ?missing girls? in Asia......Page 182
Underlying causes of son preference......Page 183
Mechanisms and patterns of prenatal and postnatal sex selection......Page 187
Mechanisms of neglect of unwanted girls......Page 188
The consequences of high child sex ratios: men and women in the marriage market......Page 189
Factors that help reduce son preference and its manifestations......Page 191
Notes......Page 193
References......Page 194
Introduction......Page 199
Data sources......Page 200
Under-five mortality and burden of under-five deaths......Page 201
Neonatal mortality and burden of neonatal deaths......Page 205
Gender gaps in child mortality......Page 206
Risk factors of child mortality......Page 209
Leading causes of child deaths......Page 211
Successes and challenges......Page 213
Appendix......Page 215
References......Page 218
Trends in life experience at age 65......Page 221
Declines in age-specific death rates and their contribution  to rising e65......Page 228
Socioeconomic development and e65......Page 231
Future prospects......Page 233
Concluding remarks......Page 234
References......Page 236
Introduction......Page 240
Data and their limitations......Page 241
Mortality trends 1950?2015 and variations across Asia......Page 242
Age patterns of mortality change......Page 245
Age patterns of fast or slow mortality change......Page 250
Sex differentials in mortality change......Page 252
Discussion......Page 255
Acknowledgements......Page 256
References......Page 257
Introduction......Page 259
Asian data on mortality and causes of death......Page 260
Trends in disease and injury causes of death......Page 262
Causes of disability and lost health......Page 267
Burden of disease......Page 268
Risk factors and determinants of health......Page 270
Projections of causes of death to 2050......Page 273
Conclusions......Page 275
References......Page 276
Background......Page 278
Data collection developments and limitations......Page 279
Cross-national patterns and trends......Page 282
Affected populations and population groups......Page 286
Major forces shaping the epidemics......Page 289
Major efforts in controlling the epidemics......Page 291
Hopes and challenges......Page 292
References......Page 295
The changing share of Asia?s population in the world......Page 299
Population densities......Page 304
The distribution of population across Asia......Page 309
Conclusion......Page 311
Notes......Page 312
References......Page 313
16 The urbanization of low- and middle-income Asia......Page 316
The demography of urbanization and settlement growth......Page 318
Urbanization trends: totals, percentages, growth rates......Page 319
Populations of cities and urban agglomerations......Page 323
The ongoing search for scientific comparability......Page 326
New and under-studied developments......Page 328
Commuting and related forms of urban connection......Page 329
The National New-Type Urbanization Plan and Hukou reforms......Page 331
Climate change and extreme-event risks in urban Asia......Page 332
Estimates of risk exposure in urban Asia......Page 334
Urban adaptation to flood risks......Page 335
Conclusions......Page 336
Notes......Page 337
References......Page 338
Introduction......Page 341
Permanent migration......Page 342
South-North migration......Page 344
Temporary labour migration......Page 345
Student migration......Page 346
North-South and South-South migration......Page 347
Marriage migration......Page 348
Feminization of Asian migration......Page 349
Migration and development......Page 350
Diaspora and development......Page 352
Return migration......Page 354
Policy implications......Page 355
Conclusion......Page 357
References......Page 358
Who are forced migrants and refugees?......Page 362
Studies of forced and refugee migration......Page 365
Data sources on forced and refugee migration......Page 366
Levels and trends of forced migration: Asia within a global context......Page 368
Demographic characteristics of forced and refugee migrants in Asia......Page 371
Drivers of forced and refugee migration......Page 376
Summary and conclusions......Page 377
Acknowledgements......Page 378
References......Page 379
Kinship systems and marriage arrangement......Page 382
Trends towards later and less marriage......Page 384
Issues arising from rising singlehood......Page 389
Consanguineous marriage......Page 390
Problems of continued early marriage......Page 392
Divorce trends......Page 394
Conclusions......Page 396
Notes......Page 397
References......Page 398
Introduction......Page 401
Background......Page 402
Data......Page 404
Household perspective......Page 405
Looking into individuals? lives......Page 407
Living alone......Page 409
Living with parents......Page 410
Living with a spouse......Page 412
Living with children......Page 413
Conclusion......Page 415
Acknowledgements......Page 417
Appendix......Page 418
References......Page 423
21 Asia?s demographic transition: Variations and major determinants......Page 425
Mortality transition in Asia and its variations......Page 426
Fertility transition in Asia and its variations......Page 430
Cultural, political, economic and social conditions of Asian countries......Page 432
Measures of mortality and fertility......Page 434
Effects of war and civil unrest......Page 435
Effects of education, urbanization, income distribution and the status of women......Page 437
Effects of public health programmes......Page 438
Mortality transition in China and Kazakhstan......Page 439
Summary and discussion......Page 440
References......Page 441
Introduction......Page 443
Changes in educational attainment 1970?2010......Page 444
Primary education......Page 447
Lower and upper secondary education......Page 449
Tertiary/post-secondary education......Page 451
Gender differences......Page 454
Labour force participation......Page 456
Conclusion......Page 459
Note......Page 460
References......Page 461
The process of population ageing......Page 462
Measures of population ageing......Page 463
Trends and patterns......Page 464
Variation within regions......Page 467
Divergence and heterogeneity......Page 471
Population ageing and the family......Page 474
Population ageing and the state......Page 477
The family, the state and elder well-being......Page 480
Population ageing and society......Page 481
Notes......Page 483
References......Page 484
Introduction......Page 487
Estimated first dividend in Asia......Page 489
Change in age distribution and capital accumulation......Page 491
Changes in life expectancy and capital accumulation......Page 492
Estimated second dividend in Asia......Page 494
Socioeconomic conditions and the second dividend......Page 495
Policy implications......Page 497
Appendix: Measurement of demographic dividends......Page 498
References......Page 500
25 Population and environment in Asia......Page 503
Theoretical perspectives on population and environment......Page 504
Population change, consumption and the environment......Page 505
Urbanization and the use of natural resources......Page 510
The middle class and the use of natural resources......Page 512
Water use and pollution......Page 516
Energy use and pollution......Page 518
Population change and sustainable development......Page 523
Notes......Page 524
References......Page 526
26 Population, the state and security in Asia......Page 530
Scale and statehood......Page 531
Political counterparts of demographic transition......Page 532
Relativities and regionalization......Page 534
Population and international conflict......Page 537
?Game-changers?......Page 539
Political demography of Asia?s century......Page 541
References......Page 542
Projecting future population size and structure......Page 545
History of population projections for Asian countries and analysis of past errors......Page 546
Defining the assumptions for projecting twenty-first century population trends in Asia......Page 548
Projection results for all of Asia and individual countries......Page 551
Conclusions......Page 558
References......Page 561
Major demographic trends in Asia in the first half of the twenty-first century......Page 563
Demographic trends and sustainable development in Asia......Page 567
Notes......Page 568
References......Page 569
Index......Page 571