Routledge Companion to China and the Middle East and North Africa

Cover
Endrosement
Dedication
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
	References
Part I China and the MENA
	1 China and the Middle East: An Overview
		Introduction
		Sino-Greater Middle Eastern Relations
		Sino-Middle Eastern Energy Cooperation
		Sino-Middle Eastern Trade Relations
		Sino-Middle Eastern Security Relations
		Sino-Middle Eastern Cultural Relations
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	2 China’s Energy Diplomacy Towards the Middle East in the BRI Era: Energy Security Versus Geopolitics
		1 Introduction
		2 The Middle East and China’s Oil Supply: From the 1990s to the BRI Era
		3 China’s Energy Diplomacy Towards Saudi Arabia
			3.1 Oil Trade Involving Little Politics: the 1990s–2014
			3.2 China and Saudi Arabia in the BRI Era
		4 China’s Energy Diplomacy Towards Iran
			4.1 China’s Dealing With Iran Prior to the 2015 JCPOA: Playing a Dual Game?
			4.2 China and Iran in the BRI Era: “No East, No West But China?”
		5 Conclusion
		References
	3 China’s Infrastructure Construction in the Middle East
		1 Introduction
		2 China’s Infrastructure Diplomacy: Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Evolving Stages
			2.1 Data Source
			2.2 Research Methods
			2.3 Results Analysis
				2.3.1 Phase I: Gentle Growth Period (2005–2009)
				2.3.2 Phase II: Dramatic Fluctuation Period (2010–2012)
				2.3.3 Phase III: Rapid Surge Period (2013–2016)
				2.3.4 Phase IV: Steady Rise Period (2017–2019)
		3 Achievements of China’s Infrastructure Construction in the Middle East
		4 Challenges of China’s Infrastructure Construction in the Middle East
		5 Conclusion
		References
	4 Market-Driven Industrialization: Production Capacity Cooperation Between China and the Middle East Countries
		1 Motivation Behind the China-Middle East Production Capacity Cooperation
		2 Characteristics of the China-Middle East Production Capacity Cooperation
			2.1 Traditional Energy Industry as the Basis for Production Capacity Cooperation
			2.2 Automobile Manufacturing as a Market-Oriented Feature in Production Capacity Cooperation
			2.3 Equipment Manufacturing Highlighted in the Technology Transfer
			2.4 New Energy Industry as an Accelerator for Production Capacity Cooperation
		3 The Difficulties and Challenges of China-Middle East Production Capacity Cooperation
		4 Conclusion
		References
	5 The Belt and Road Initiative and China’s Expanding Ties With West Asia and North Africa
		Introduction
		The Belt and Road Initiative
		The BRI and the Expanding Trade Ties With West Asia and North Africa Region
		China’s Expanding Security Ties With the Region
		China’s Assets and Challenges
		Conclusion
		References
	6 China as a Geo-Economic and Security Actor in the MENA Region
		Introduction
		A Burgeoning Interest in the Region
		Expanding Economic Ties
		China’s Regional Security Profile
		Geopolitical Ramifications
		Acknowledgments
		References
	7 US-China Rivalry in the MENA Region
		Introduction
		US-China Competition: Explaining the Causes of a New Cold War
		The MENA Region: From US Disengagement to China’s Engagement
		US-China Security-Military Competition in the MENA Region
			The Geostrategic Picture: The United States Remains Unchallenged
			Security: Arms Sales and Huawei
			Military Competition Or Cooperation? Beijing’s and Washington’s Dilemmas
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	8 China and US Policy in the Persian Gulf: Is a New Security Architecture Evolving?
		Introduction
		The New World Order That Never Was
		The USA in the Persian Gulf
		China in the Persian Gulf
		China’s Global Connectivity Ambitions and the Persian Gulf
		China, Iran, and the USA
		China’s Latent Power and Mixed US Signals in the Persian Gulf
		Conclusion
		References
	9 US-China Nuclear Exports Rivalry in the MENA Region
		Introduction
		Chinese Indigenous Nuclear Technology and the Civil Nuclear Exports Policy Toward the MENA Region
		Civil Nuclear Cooperation Between China and the MENA Countries
			Iran
			Saudi Arabia
			Other MENA Countries
		American Civil Nuclear Exports Policy Toward the MENA Region
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	10 China and Regional Stability in the Middle East: Economics, Engagement, and Great Power Rivalry
		Introduction
		China’s Developmental Approach Towards the Middle East
		Restrained Militarisation, Non-Intervention, and Security
		Great Power Rivalry
		Conclusion
		References
	11 The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in the Middle East
		Introduction
		The AIIB
		AIIB’s Projects in the Middle East
		The AIIB and China’s Interests
		Conclusion
		References
	12 China’s Maritime Silk Route and the MENA Region
		Introduction
		Maritime Geoeconomics and Energy Security
		Growing Maritime Focus On the Mediterranean
			Turkey and Israel
			The Maghreb
		Maritime Southwest Asia
			The Red Sea and the Suez Canal
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	13 China’s Rise and Its Security Presence in the Middle East and North Africa
		Introduction
		China’s Recognition Game in Sudan and the Gulf of Aden
		Beyond External Validation, the Importance of Libya
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	14 Building an “Outer Space Silk Road”: China’s Beidou Navigation Satellite System in the Arab World
		China’s Beidou Navigation Satellite System in the Arab World: Progress and Development
		Strategic Opportunities for the Beidou System to Take Root in the Arab World
		Opportunities for China’s Beidou System to Enter the Arab World
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	15 China and the Gulf: Necessary Partners
		1 Introduction
		2 China’s Outward Vision for the Gulf
		3 Variance in China-Gulf Economic Ties
		4 Competition and Transition: The Future of Gulf-China Economic Relations
		References
	16 China-Maghreb Relations: South-South Cooperation Or Authoritarian Advancement?
		1 Introduction
		2 China-Maghreb South-South Relations
			2.1 China-Algeria Relations
			2.2 China-Morocco Relations
			2.3 China-Tunisia Relations
		3 China in the Maghreb: Counterbalancing the EU?
		4 Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	17 China and Conflict Management in the Middle East
		Rising Powers and Conflict
		China and Conflict in the Middle East
		Contributing Towards Conflict, 1950s–1970s
		Avoiding Conflict, 1970s–2000s
		Managing and Defusing Conflict, 2011–Present
		Conclusion
		References
	18 The Uyghur Issue in Sino-MENA Relations: The Case of Turkey
		A General Overview of the Uyghur Plight in China-MENA Relations
		Turkey and the Uyghurs Before the 1990s
		The Uyghur Issue in Post-Cold War Sino-Turkish Relations
		Sino-Turkish Relations in the Aftermath of the 2009 Ürümchi Riots
		Intensification of Sino-Turkish Relations After 2016
		Conclusion
		References
	19 China’s “Health Silk Road” Diplomacy in the MENA
		Introduction
		China’s Health Diplomacy Contribution to the “Community of Common Destiny”
		China’s Evolving Relations With the MENA and Health Cooperation
		China’s Bilateral Aid to the MENA Countries in Containing COVID-19
			Bilateral Aid to Strategic Partners
			Bilateral Aid to Non-Strategic Partners
			The Delivery of Chinese COVID-19 Vaccines
		Reactions From the MENA States to China’s Health Diplomacy
		Reactions From Western Powers to China’s Health Diplomacy
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part II Bilateral Relations
	20 The Sino-Algerian Relationship: Strengthening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership
		1 Introduction
		2 Historical Development of Sino-Algerian Relations
		3 The Burgeoning China-Algeria Trade Relationship
		4 China’s Foreign Direct Investment in Algeria
		5 Casting a Critical Eye On China’s Engagement With Algeria
		6 Conclusion
		Note
		References
	21 China-Egypt Relations: A Model for Comprehensive Strategic Partnership
		1 Introduction
		2 An Overview of Recent History
		3 Cultural Relations (Media, Tourism)
		4 Economic Cooperation
		5 Political Relations
		6 Pandemic Diplomacy
		References
	22 The Sino-Iranian Relationship: Preserving the Status Quo in the Region?
		Iran: A Linchpin State Within a “Shatterbelt”
		China: Resources and Trade Routes
		China: A Lifesaver for Iran
		Financial Resources
		Military-Based Interests and Security Considerations
		The 25-Year Agreement: The BRI, and Regional Implications
		Conclusion
		References
	23 China-Israel: Trilateral Dimensions of Bilateral Relations
		Introduction
		The Arab Impact
		The Russian Impact
		The American Impact
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	24 Unofficial Diplomacy: The Paradox of Israel-Taiwan Relations
		Introduction
		Official and Unofficial Relations: Mutual Incentives
		Non-Institutional Unofficial Relations: Missed Opportunities
		Institutional Unofficial Relations: Mixed Opportunities
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	25 Saudi Arabia’s Relations With China
		Introduction
		New Economic Ties
		A New Diplomatic Framework
		Cultural Ties and Covid-19
		Vaccines
		Conclusion
		References
	26 China and Sudan
		Introduction
		Historical Ties
		China-Sudan Relations, 2011–2019
		China and Sudan’s 2019 “Revolution”
		Relations After Bashir
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	27 Railway Cooperation Between TÜRKIYE and China Within the Belt and Road Initiative
		1 Introduction
		2 Contribution of Railroads to Economic Development
			2.1 Railway Connectivity in China and Beyond
		3 BRI Railway Corridors Involving Türkiye
			3.1 China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor and Railway Connectivity
			3.2 Türkiye’s Middle Corridor Initiative and Railway Connectivity
		4 Türkiye-China Cooperation Within the BRI
		5 Challenges Facing Railway Connectivity
		6 Conclusion
		References
	28 Pragmatic Partners: China-UAE Relations
		1 The Development of Relations Between China and the UAE (1984–2018)
			1.1 Relations Between China and the UAE (1984–2011)
			1.2 The Establishment and Upgrading of the China-UAE Strategic Partnership (2012–2018)
		2 Political Cooperation Between China and the UAE (2019–2021)
		3 Progress in Economic Cooperation Between China and the UAE (2019–2021)
		4 Cultural and Technological Cooperation Between China and the UAE (2019–2021)
		5 Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part III China-MENA People-To-People Interactions
	29 Overseas Chinese in the Middle East and North Africa: Proposing a Research Agenda
		Introduction
		Locating the Middle East and North Africa in Overseas Chinese Studies
		Proposing a Research Agenda: Bridging the Micro and Macro Perspectives
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	30 China’s Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Trends and Outlook
		Introduction
		Theoretical Foundations: Tourism as Economic Statecraft
			How Does China Control Outbound Tourism?
		Empirical Realities: Trends, Locations, and Prospects
			Comparing Gulf States: Oman and the United Arab Emirates
			What Can We Expect After the COVID-19 Pandemic?
		Conclusion
			Trends to Watch in China-MENA Tourism
		Notes
		References
	31 Middle Eastern Students in China: Motivations and Implications
		Introduction
		Destination China
		Snapshots of Departure and Arrival
		Middle Eastern Students’ View of China
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Acknowledgments
		References
	32 China’s Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy in the MENA
		Introduction
		Defining the China Brand in the MENA
		Economic and Media-Based Factors Influencing China’s Soft Power Abroad
		Limitations On China’s Soft Power in the MENA
		Education From China in the MENA
		Public Opinion Polling On Soft Power in China and the MENA and Relations Going Forward
			Finding 1: About One-Third of Respondents Believe That China Contributes Positively to Their Country’s Economy
			Finding 2: While China May Be Perceived as Making a Positive Economic Contribution in the MENA Region, American Soft Power…
			Finding 3: Despite Acknowledging Recent Improvements in Chinese Technology, Trust Issues Remain Regarding Using Chinese …
		Conclusion
		References
Appendix
	China Medical Aid to the MENA States in the First Months of 2020
Index