Roman Period Statuettes in the Netherlands and beyond: Representation and Ritual Use in Context (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies)

Cover
Contents
Acknowledgements
1. A Rare category of artefacts
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Theories on Romanization
	1.3 Lived religion
	1.4 The life path of statuettes
	1.5 Distribution and use
	1.6 The dataset
	1.7 The areas north and south of the Rhine and the Dutch part of the Roman limes zone
	1.8 Definition of terms
	1.9 Structure of the text
2. Catalogue and description of find-spots
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The area north of the Rhine
		2.2.1 Imported goods: evidence of trade or diplomatic gifts?
		2.2.2 Friesland and Groningen: the northern coastal area
		2.2.3 North Holland: the northwestern coastal area
		2.2.4 Drenthe, Overijssel and the northern part of Gelderland: the northeast
	2.3 The area south of the Rhine: Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior
		2.3.1 Theories on post-conquest settlement development in Lower Germany
		2.3.2 South Holland and Zeeland
		2.3.3 Utrecht
		2.3.4 Southern Gelderland
		2.3.5 North Brabant and Limburg
	2.4 The Dutch part of the Roman limes zone
		2.4.1 The forts and associated settlements on the left bank of the Rhine
		2.4.2 The forts and associated settlements on the North Sea coast
	2.5 Conclusions
3. Spatial and iconographic analysis
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Written sources and the archaeological evidence
	3.3 Deities, human figures and animals
	3.4 The area north of the Rhine
		3.4.1 Spatial analysis: a relation between size and function
	3.5 Iconographic analysis
		3.5.1 The iconography of the Mars and Mercury statuettes
		3.5.2 The Isis-Venus figurines from Houwerzijl
		3.5.3 Jupiter-Sabazius?
		3.5.4 A bronze mother goddess north of the Rhine?
		3.5.5 Mounted warriors
		3.5.6 The warrior from Ezinge
		3.5.7 A male figurine from Wirdum
		3.5.8 Domestic animals
		3.5.9 The bear from Wirdum
	3.6 Conclusions on the area north of the Rhine
	3.7 The area south of the Rhine: spatial analysis
		3.7.1 The rural settlements
		3.7.2 The urban settlements
		3.7.3 The limes zone
		3.7.4 The cemeteries
		3.7.5 Cemeteries: a relation between find-context and material
	3.8 The area south of the Rhine: iconographic analysis
		3.8.1 A relation between material and subject
		3.8.2 Interpretatio and creolisation
		3.8.3 The iconography of the Hercules statuettes
		3.8.4 The iconography of Hercules Magusanus
		3.8.5 The veneration of Hercules Magusanus
		3.8.6 Two controversial dedications
		3.8.7 Venus and water nymphs
		3.8.8 The iconography of mother goddesses
		3.8.9 Venerated as mother goddesses
		3.8.10 A horse-riding acrobat
		3.8.11 Jupiter-Ammon in Ulpia Noviomagus
		3.8.12 A mysterious lady from Vechten
		3.8.13 Minerva or a gladiator?
		3.8.14 The thorn-puller
		3.8.15 The power of being different
		3.8.16 ‘Exotic’ representations
		3.8.17 Animals with a mission
		3.8.18 Ithyphallic dogs
		3.8.19 Triple-horned bulls
		3.8.20 Horned birds
	3.9 Conclusions on the area south of the Rhine
4. Rituals with statuettes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Introduction
		4.2.1 A long history
		4.2.2 Categories of ritual deposits
		4.2.3 A secondary use of appliques
		4.2.4 Deposits related to crafts?
		4.2.5 A comparison with British datasets
		4.2.6 Placating the gods: in anticipation or afterwards?
	4.3 Deposition of statuette fragments and deliberate fragmentation
		4.3.1 Broken statuettes in the Neolithic and Bronze Age
		4.3.2 A healing ritual with female figurines in Egypt
		4.3.3 The Roman period: deliberate fragmentation in Belgium
		4.3.4 Deposition of statuette fragments in the Netherlands
		4.3.5 Deposition of bronze caducei
	4.4 Magical practices with figurines
	4.5 Conclusions
5. Summary and conclusions
	Discussion and suggestions for further research
Abbreviations
Bibliography
List of maps, figures and drawings
Figures
Tables