Role of Microbial Communities for Sustainability (Microorganisms for Sustainability, 29)

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Role of Microbial Communities in Plant-Microbe Interactions, Metabolic Cooperation, and Self-Sufficiency Leading to...
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Microbial Communities in Plant-Microbe Interactions
		1.2.1 Biofilms: A Wonder World of Microbial Interactions
		1.2.2 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
		1.2.3 Endophytes
		1.2.4 Microbial Communities in Plant-Microbe Interactions
			1.2.4.1 Biofertilization
			1.2.4.2 Bioremediation
			1.2.4.3 Biocontrol and Antibiosis
		1.2.5 Factors Affecting Plant-Microbe Interactions
			1.2.5.1 Chemical Signals
			1.2.5.2 Mechanical Signals
			1.2.5.3 Environmental Factors
	1.3 Microbial Communities and Metabolic Cooperation
		1.3.1 Nutrient Exchange in Microbial Communities
		1.3.2 Metabolic Cooperation and Signaling Compounds
		1.3.3 Microbial Metabolic Cooperation in Agriculture
	1.4 Role of Microbial Communities in Self-Sufficiency
		1.4.1 Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity
		1.4.2 The Fungal-Bacterial Ratio
		1.4.3 Response to Changing Climate
	1.5 Challenges Faced in Sustainable Agriculture and Future Prospects
		1.5.1 Measurement of Agricultural Sustainability
		1.5.2 Challenges Faced and Future Prospects
	1.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 2: Symbiotic Interactions of Phototrophic Microbes: Engineering Synthetic Consortia for Biotechnology
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Natural Photosynthetic Microbial Communities of Ecological and Technological Relevance
		2.2.1 Cyanobacterially Driven Marine Ecosystems
		2.2.2 Plant-Cyanobacterial Symbioses
	2.3 Promise and Current Limitations of the Application of Synthetic Microbial Communities
		2.3.1 Synthetic Microbial Ecology and Microbial Ecology Theory
		2.3.2 The Biotechnological Potential of Synthetic Consortia
		2.3.3 Synthetic Cocultures for Photosynthesis-Driven Bioindustry
		2.3.4 Limitations in Synthetic Coculture Approaches and Future Perspectives
	2.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 3: Understanding Agriculturally Indispensable Bacterial Biofilms in Sustainable Agriculture
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Agriculturally Indispensable Microorganisms (AIMs)
	3.3 Agriculturally Indispensable Bacterial Biofilms
	3.4 Factors Influencing Biofilm Development
		3.4.1 Environmental Factors Influencing Biofilms
		3.4.2 Nutritional Factors Influencing Biofilms
	3.5 Signals Generated by Host Plants and Microbes
	3.6 Genetic Factors Influencing Biofilms
	3.7 Mixed-Species or Multispecies Biofilms
	3.8 Environmental Stress (Salinity and Drought) Amelioration by AIM
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Global Food Demand and the Roles of Microbial Communities in Sustainable Crop Protection and Food Security: An Over...
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Global Demand for Food Security
	4.3 Roles of Microbes in Sustainable Food Production
		4.3.1 The Microbes and Plants
			4.3.1.1 Nutrient Recycling and Acquisition: A Key to Sustainability
			4.3.1.2 Nitrogen Fixation
		4.3.2 The Microbes and Soil
			4.3.2.1 Biofertilizer
			4.3.2.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
	4.4 Roles of Microbes in Sustainable Crop Protection for Food Security
		4.4.1 Role of Biocontrol Agents in Pest Management
			4.4.1.1 Mechanism of Control by Strains Biocontrol Agents (BCAs)
	4.5 Challenges and Future Prospects
	4.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 5: Sustaining Productivity Through Integrated Use of Microbes in Agriculture
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Current Status of Soil Fertility
	5.3 Rhizosphere: An Unknown World
	5.4 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
	5.5 A Way Towards Healthy Soil: Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM)
	5.6 Soil-Microbe System
	5.7 Application of PGPR in Agriculture and Soil Health
		5.7.1 Field Crops
		5.7.2 Spice and Vegetables
		5.7.3 Fruit Crops
		5.7.4 Medicinal Plants
		5.7.5 Soil Health
	5.8 Nanotechnology in Agriculture
		5.8.1 Significance of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles for Agriculture Sustainability
		5.8.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
		5.8.3 Use of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles in Agriculture
	5.9 Conclusion
	5.10 Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 6: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainable Crop Protection and Production
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
		6.2.1 AM Fungi in Crops
		6.2.2 Diversity of AM Fungi in Agricultural Soils
	6.3 Role of AM Fungi in Plant Growth and Yield
	6.4 Plant Benefits by AM Fungi
		6.4.1 Increased Nutrient Uptake
			6.4.1.1 Phosphorus
			6.4.1.2 Nitrogen
		6.4.2 Improved Water Relations
		6.4.3 Interaction of AM Fungi with Other Soil Microorganisms
		6.4.4 Tolerance to Drought and Salinity
		6.4.5 Resistance to Biotic Agents
		6.4.6 Weed Suppression
	6.5 Influence of Cultural Practices on AM Fungi
		6.5.1 Plant Breeding
		6.5.2 Biocides
			6.5.2.1 Fungicides
			6.5.2.2 Herbicides
			6.5.2.3 Nematicides
			6.5.2.4 Biopesticides
		6.5.3 Tillage
		6.5.4 Soil Compaction
		6.5.5 Cropping Patterns
			6.5.5.1 Crop Rotation
			6.5.5.2 Intercropping
		6.5.6 Cover Crops
		6.5.7 Organic Farming
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Role of Microbial Communities in Sustainable Rice Cultivation
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 High-Intensity Agriculture is a Need
		7.1.2 Negative Impacts Associated with Fertilizers
			7.1.2.1 Socioeconomic Impacts of Nitrogen Fertilizers
			7.1.2.2 Human Health and Environmental Problems of the Usage of Nitrogen Fertilizers
			7.1.2.3 Impacts of Using Phosphorous and Potassium Fertilizers
	7.2 Conventional Microbial Interventions to Reduce the Fertilizer Usage in Rice Cultivation
		7.2.1 Characteristics and Multicellular Life of a Bacterium
			7.2.1.1 Stages of Becoming a Multicellular Organism
			7.2.1.2 Negative Impacts of Being Multicellular
			7.2.1.3 Advantages of Multicellularity
		7.2.2 Biofilms
			7.2.2.1 Introduction to Biofilms
			7.2.2.2 Biofilm Matrix
			7.2.2.3 Stages of Biofilm Formation
			7.2.2.4 Advantages of Living in a Biofilm
			7.2.2.5 Bacterial-Fungal Biofilms
				7.2.2.5.1 Interactions and Communication Inside a Bacterial-Fungal Biofilm
				7.2.2.5.2 Consequences of Bacterial-Fungal Interactions for Participating Organisms
	7.3 Microbial Communities (Biofilms) and Their Contribution Towards the Increase of Rice Plant Growth and Yield
		7.3.1 Rice Plant Rhizosphere
		7.3.2 Sustainable Rice Cultivation and Biofilms
			7.3.2.1 Competition Suppression
			7.3.2.2 Increased Oxygen Availability and Active Supply of Nitrogen to Rice Roots
			7.3.2.3 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
			7.3.2.4 Pest and Disease Control
			7.3.2.5 Nutrient Cycling
	7.4 Role of Microbial Communities in Improving Chemical Fertilizers Use Efficiency and Rice Yields
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Applications of Soil Bacterial Community in Carbon Sequestration: An Accost Towards Advanced Eco-sustainability
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Carbon Sequestration in Soil
		8.2.1 Climate Change Effects on Soil Carbon Pool
		8.2.2 Role of Living Organisms on Soil C Sequestration
	8.3 Contributions of Plants in Carbon Sequestration
	8.4 Role of Bacterial Communities in Restoring Soil Structure and Organic Carbon
	8.5 Land Management Practices Impacts Microbial Biomass and Soil Carbon Content
		8.5.1 Tillage
		8.5.2 Crop Rotation
		8.5.3 Organic Farming or Cover Crop
	8.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 9: Approach Towards Sustainable Crop Production by Utilizing Potential Microbiome
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Microbiome Contribution
	9.3 Plant Microbiome Synergism
	9.4 Microbiome Growth Promoters
		9.4.1 Pseudomonas Species
		9.4.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
		9.4.3 Bacillus Species
		9.4.4 Trichoderma Species
	9.5 Microbiome as Biofertilizers
		9.5.1 Nitrogen Fixation
		9.5.2 Phosphate Solubilization
		9.5.3 Siderophore Production
	9.6 Biofertilizer Status in India
	9.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 10: Diversity, Function, and Application of Fungal Iron Chelators (Siderophores) for Integrated Disease Management
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Importance of Iron to the Crop Plants
	10.3 Siderophores
		10.3.1 Types of Siderophore and Their Structural Difference
			10.3.1.1 Hydroxamate Siderophores
				10.3.1.1.1 Ferrioxamine B
				10.3.1.1.2 Ferrioxamine E
				10.3.1.1.3 Ferrioxamine G
				10.3.1.1.4 Ferrichrome
			10.3.1.2 Catecholate (Phenolates) Siderophores
				10.3.1.2.1 Enterobactin
			10.3.1.3 Carboxylate Siderophores
				10.3.1.3.1 Rhizoferrin
				10.3.1.3.2 Rhizobactin
				10.3.1.3.3 Pyochelin
			10.3.1.4 Mixed Type Siderophores
				10.3.1.4.1 Pyoverdine
	10.4 Siderophore Biosynthesis
		10.4.1 Mechanisms of Siderophore Biosynthesis
			10.4.1.1 NRPS Dependent
			10.4.1.2 NRPS Independent
		10.4.2 Transport Mechanism
	10.5 Diversity of Siderophore-Producing Fungi
		10.5.1 Siderophores of Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi
		10.5.2 Siderophores of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
		10.5.3 Siderophores of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
		10.5.4 Siderophores of Orchidaceous Mycorrhizal Fungi
	10.6 Application and Functions of Siderophores
		10.6.1 Integrated Disease Management
			10.6.1.1 Nutrition
			10.6.1.2 Ecological Fitness
			10.6.1.3 Resistance Against Diseases, Insects, Pests/Nematodes
			10.6.1.4 Production of Chemical Inhibitors
			10.6.1.5 Microbial Ecology and Plant Growth Promotions
		10.6.2 Agriculture
			10.6.2.1 Siderophore as Potential Biocontrol Agent
			10.6.2.2 Antifungal (Antagonistic) Activity
			10.6.2.3 Fungal Species Producing Siderophores and Novel Compounds
		10.6.3 Siderophore Efficacy in Human Life
			10.6.3.1 Trojan Horse Antibiotics
			10.6.3.2 Iron Overload Therapy
			10.6.3.3 Antimalarial Activity
			10.6.3.4 Cancer Therapy
		10.6.4 Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Siderophores
	10.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 11: Role of Microbial Communities in the Low-Cost, Sustainable Treatment of Pig Effluent Waste
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Current Waste Management and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
	11.2 Covered Anaerobic Pond (CAP) Digester
	11.3 Anaerobic Digestion Process
		11.3.1 Overview of Microbial Processes
		11.3.2 Hydrolysis
		11.3.3 Acidogenesis
		11.3.4 Acetogenesis and Syntrophy
		11.3.5 Methanogenesis
		11.3.6 Microbial Community Dynamics Within a CAP
	11.4 Factors Affecting Anaerobic Digestion
		11.4.1 Temperature
		11.4.2 pH and Buffering Capacity
		11.4.3 Retention Time
		11.4.4 Organic Loading Rate (OLR)
		11.4.5 Toxicity and Inhibition
	11.5 Challenges and Future Directions
		11.5.1 Pathogens and Anaerobic Digestion
		11.5.2 Future Directions
	11.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 12: Metal Stress Impacting Plant Growth in Contaminated Soil Is Alleviated by Microbial Siderophores
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants
		12.2.1 Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
			12.2.1.1 Phytoextraction
			12.2.1.2 Phytodegradation
			12.2.1.3 Phytovolatilization
			12.2.1.4 Phytostabilization
			12.2.1.5 Rhizofiltration
			12.2.1.6 Phytodesalination
	12.3 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
		12.3.1 Degradation of Heavy Metals Using PGPR
	12.4 Siderophores and Their Roles
		12.4.1 Types of Siderophores
			12.4.1.1 Catecholate Siderophore
			12.4.1.2 Hydroxamate Siderophore
			12.4.1.3 Carboxylate Siderophore
			12.4.1.4 Mixed Siderophores
		12.4.2 Applications of Siderophores
			12.4.2.1 Medical Applications
				12.4.2.1.1 Cancer Therapy
				12.4.2.1.2 Siderophore-Antibiotic Conjugates
			12.4.2.2 Agriculture
				12.4.2.2.1 Siderophore for Plant Growth Promotion
				12.4.2.2.2 Siderophore as Potential Biocontrol Agent
				12.4.2.2.3 Siderophore as a Biosensor
			12.4.2.3 Siderophores and Heavy Metal Stress
				12.4.2.3.1 Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants
	12.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 13: Natural and Constructed Cyanobacteria-Based Consortia for Enhancing Crop Growth and Soil Fertility
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Natural Associations of Cyanobacteria with Microalgae, Bacteria, Fungi and Other Organisms
		13.2.1 Cyanobacterial Associations with Microalgae
		13.2.2 Cyanobacteria-Bacteria Interactions
		13.2.3 Cyanobacteria-Fungal Associations
		13.2.4 Symbioses of Cyanobacteria-Bryophytes
		13.2.5 Cyanobacterial Associations with Cycads
		13.2.6 Gunnera-Cyanobacterial Symbiosis
	13.3 Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizing Options in Agriculture
	13.4 Cyanobacteria-Bacteria Consortia and Their Utilization in Various Crops
	13.5 Cyanobacterial and Microalgal Consortia as Biofertilizers and Soil Conditioners
	13.6 Natural and In Vitro Generated Cyanobacterial Biofilms: Properties and Applications
	13.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Approaches
	References
Chapter 14: Microbial Communities Based Biofilmed Biofertilizers Enhance Soil Fertility and Plant Growth in Hevea Ecosystem: E...
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Importance of Microbial Activities of Rubber Rhizosphere Bacteria and Their Biofilm Community
	14.3 Role of Microbial Applications for Fertility Management in Rubber Growing Soils in Sri Lanka
	14.4 Concluding Remarks
	References