RNA NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS.

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Contributors
Part I: Concepts and Definitions in RNA Nanotechnology
	Chapter 1: RNA Structure and Folding
		RNA Chemistry
		RNA Structure
		RNA Modification
	Chapter 2: RNA Regulation and Function in Nature
		RNA Production and Function for Protein Production
		Noncoding RNAs and Their Function: MicroRNAs and Gene Regulation
		MicroRNAs and Gene Regulation
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: Principles and Fundamentals of RNA Nanotechnology
		Phylogenetic Analysis of RNAs
		Features of Nucleic Acids Promoting RNA Nanotechnology
		RNA Motifs Used in RNA Nanotechnology
		Stoichiometry Determination by Binomial Distribution, by Log/Log Plot with a Serial Dilution; by Finding the Common Multiple of 2 and 3
		History and Evolution of RNA Nanotechnology
		References
	Chapter 4: Computation and Folding Predictions
		Resources for RNA Structure Computation
		2D/3D Modeling/Prediction of Desired RNA Nanoparticles
		Folding Predictions vs. Structural Building Blocks
		Sequence Search and Alignment of RNA
		References
	Chapter 5: Enzymatic Synthesis and Modification of RNA Nanoparticles
		Construction of DNA Templates
		In Vitro Transcription of RNA Oligo Strands
		Inclusion of Chemical Modifications into Enzymatic Synthesis of RNA Oligos
		Rolling Circle Transcription for Large-Scale Production of RNA
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6: Synthetic and Enzymatic Methods for RNA Labeling and Modifications
		RNA Synthesis
		Synthetic Methods for RNA Labeling
			Synthetic Methods for Ligation
		Enzymatic Methods for RNA Labeling
			Artificial Enzymes for Ligation
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Methods and Assembly of RNA Nanotechnology
		Methods for the Construction of RNA Nanoparticles
		In Vitro Nanoparticle Assembly
		In Vivo Nanoparticle Assembly
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 8: Purification, Characterization, and Structure Determination of RNA Nanoparticles
		Purification of the RNA Nanoparticles
		Physical Characterization of RNA Nanoparticles
		Structure Determination of RNA Nanoparticles
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: SELEX
	Chapter 10: Uniqueness, Advantages, Challenges, Solutions, and Perspectives in Therapeutics Applying RNA Nanotechnology
		Introduction
		Historical Evolution of RNA Nanotechnology
		Uniqueness of RNA Nanotechnology
		Techniques for the Construction of Therapeutic
			RNA Nanoparticles
			Hand-in-Hand (Loop–Loop) Interactions
			Robust RNA Motif as a Scaffold to Build Multivalent Nanoparticles
			Palindrome Sequence Mediated Formation of RNA Dimers
			RNA Junctions as LEGO Pieces to Build Quaternary Structures
			RNA Binding Proteins to Serve as Junctions for the Formation of Arrays
			Combination of Rolling Circle Transcription of RNA and Self-assembly to Produce Giant Spherical RNA Particles
			Construction of RNA-Based Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications
			siRNA
			miRNA
			Ribozymes
			Riboswitches
			Aptamers
			Advantages of RNA Nanotechnology for In Vivo Applications
			Polyvalent Delivery for Generating Synergistic Effects
			Defined Size, Structure, and Stoichiometry
			Nanoscale Size for Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effects
			Targeted Delivery to Cancer Cells
			Non-Induction of an Antibody Response to Ensure Repeated Treatments
			Challenges, Solutions, and Perspectives in RNA Nanotechnology
			Chemical Instability
			Thermodynamic Instability
			Short In Vivo Half-Life
			Low Yield and High Production Costs
			Toxicity, In Vivo Safety, and Side Effects
			Specific Delivery and Targeting Problems
			Endosome Trapping
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		Author Disclosure Statement
		References
Part II: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization Methods in RNA Nanotechnology
	Chapter 11: The Natural Versatility of RNA
		Structural Elements of RNA
			The Anatomy of Nucleotides
			Sugar Pucker of RNA
			The Need for Thymine in DNA
			Physicochemical Properties of RNA and DNA
			Base-Pair Geometries and Stabilizing Interactions
		Ribozymes
		Riboswitches
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 12: Nucleic Acids as a Building Material in Nanotechnology
		Rational Design and Computer-Assisted Strategies
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 13: Multiple Functionalities for RNA Nanoparticles
		Introduction
		The Assembly of RNA Nanoparticles
		Tools for Real-Time Assembly Visualization
		Multifunctional RNA NANPs
		Conclusion and Perspective
		References
	Chapter 14: From Computational RNA Structure Prediction to the Design of Biologically Active RNA-Based Nanostructures
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 15: Application of RNA Tertiary Structure Prediction Tool iFoldRNA in RNA Nanotechnology
		Introduction
		RNA 3D Structure Prediction Using iFoldRNA
			The Outline of iFoldRNA
			iFoldRNA Webserver
		RNA Modeling Accuracy Using iFoldRNA
		Applications of iFoldRNA in RNA Nanotechnology
			Tertiary Structure Construction and Comparison of Thermodynamic Stability of RNA Triangle and Rectangle
			Thermodynamics Analysis of RNA Cube and Ring
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 16: HyperFold: A Web Server for Predicting Nucleic Acid Complexes
		Introduction
		Algorithm
			Entropy Estimation
			Partition Function
		Web Page Usage
		Limitations
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 17: RNA Switches: Towards Conditional Dynamic RNA-Based Constructs for Therapeutics and Bioassays
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 18: RNA Multiway Junction Motifs as Lego for the Construction of Multifunctional RNA Nanoparticles
		Introduction
		3WJ Motifs
			Classifications and Occurrences
			Application of 3WJ in Nanotechnology
			The Construction of 3WJ-Based RNA Nanoparticles Harboring Functional Modules
			Evaluation of the Functional Modules Incorporated in 3WJ RNA Nanoparticles
			The Construction of 3WJ-Based Square-Shaped and Triangular RNA Nanoparticles
		4WJ Motifs
			Classifications and Occurrences
			Application of 4WJ Motifs in Nanotechnology
		Future Outlook and Perspectives
			Mutations to Increase Thermodynamic Stability
			Chemical Modifications to Increase Serum Stability
			Computational Approaches to Guide Nanoparticle Assembly
			Evaluation of Functionality of Modules Incorporated into 3WJ or 4WJ Scaffold
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 19: Fabrication Methods for RNA Nanoparticle Assembly Based on Bacteriophage Phi29 pRNA Structural Features
		RNA Nanotechnology
		Principles and Tools for RNA Nanoparticle Fabrication
		Assembly of pRNA-Based RNA Nanoparticles
			The Biological Function of pRNA on Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor
			Structure Features of Bacteriophage phi29 pRNA
			Bottom-Up Assembly of pRNA Nanoparticles
			Construction of pRNA Nanoparticles with Biological and Pharmaceutical Functionalities
				Incorporation of Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) into pRNA Nanoparticles
				Incorporation of Ribozyme into pRNA Nanoparticles
				Incorporation of RNA Aptamer into pRNA Nanoparticles
				Incorporation of Chemical Targeting Ligand such as Folate into pRNA Nanoparticles
				Incorporation of Fluorescent Marker into pRNA Nanoparticles
		Concluding Remarks
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 20: Purification of RNA, Modified Oligos, and RNA Nanoparticles
		Introduction
		Liquid Chromatography
			Principles of Oligonucleotide Purification
			Anion Exchange HPLC
			(IP)-RP HPLC
				IPRP Info Combined
		Continuous Elution Gel-Electrophoresis (CEGE)
			CEGE Purification of Transcription Products
			CEGE Purification of RNA Nanoparticles
		Ultracentrifugation
			CsCl Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation for the Purification of Transcription Products
			Sucrose Gradient Rate Zonal Ultracentrifugation for the Purification of RNA Nanoparticles
		Choosing the Best Method for Your Application
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 21: Physicochemical Characterization of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles
		Introduction
		Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) to Test Assembly Efficiency
		Evaluation Thermodynamic Stability by UV-Thermal Denaturation (UV-Melt) and Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE)
		Nuclease Resistance Properties of NANP Can Be Assessed by Serum Stability Assay
		Hydrodynamic Diameter Assessment by DLS
		NANP 2D Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy and 3D Structure Determination by Cryo-Electron Microscopy and X-ray Crystallography
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 22: Light Scattering Techniques for Characterization of NANPs and Their Formulations
		Dynamic Light Scattering
		Phase-Analysis Light Scattering
		Multi-Angle Light Scattering
		Small-Angle Scattering
		References
	Chapter 23: Electron Microscopy of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 24: A Single-Molecule FRET Approach for Investigating the Binding Mechanisms of Anti-Viral Aptamers
		Introduction
			Hepatitis C Virus Biology
			Nucleic Acid Aptamer Therapies
			Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy
		Experimental Approach
			Bioconjugation Techniques
			Fluorescence Excitation Scheme
			Fluorescence Emission and Detection
			Data Analysis
		Molecular Dimension of Free HCV Core Protein
			Dependence on Solution Conditions
		Molecular Dimension of Aptamer-Bound HCV Core Protein
			Compaction of HCV Core Protein
			Binding Affinity
			Binding Specificity
		Discussion and Conclusions
			Model for Inhibition
			Future Perspectives
		Materials and Methods
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 25: Entropy and Enthalpy in RNA Nanoparticle Assembly and Thermodynamic Stability for Medical Application Using RNA Nanotechnology
		Introduction
		Energetics in the Formation of RNA Nanoparticles
			Gibbs Free Energy
			Enthalpy in Nanoparticle Assembly
			Entropy in Nanoparticle Assembly
			Prediction and Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters of RNAs
		Thermodynamic Stability of 3WJ RNA Nanoparticles
			Stability of the pRNA-3WJ
			Effects of Chemical Modifications on the Stability of RNA and 3WJ Nanoparticles
		Assemblies of RNA Three-Way Junction (3WJs) Driven by Entropy and Enthalpy
		Applications of Stable 3WJ Nanoparticles
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part III: Immunorecognition of RNA Nanoparticles
	Chapter 26: Immunorecognition of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles
		PRR Recognition of Nucleic Acids
		Engineering NANP Immunorecognition
		References
	Chapter 27: Viral Noncoding RNAs in Modulating Cellular Defense and Their Potential for RNA Nanotechnology
		Cell Defense Against Viruses
		Viral RNAs in Evasion of Cell Defense
		NANPs and Modulation of Immune Restrictions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 28: RIG-I as a Therapeutic Target for Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles (NANPs)
		References
	Chapter 29: Driving Dynamic Functions with Programmable RNA Nanostructures
		Programmable Nanomaterials
			Riboswitches and Ribozymes
			Aptamers
		Implementing Functions into Dynamic Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles
			NANPs as Scaffolds for Functional RNAs
			Dynamic NANPs
		Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 30: Defining Immunological Properties of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles Using Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
		Introduction
			Nucleic Acid-based Technologies
			Therapeutic NANPs
			NANPs’ Safety and Immune-mediated Efficacy Considerations
			Development of the Protocol
			Advantages
			Limitations
			Overview of the Procedure
			Applications
			Alternative Methods
			Experimental Design
				PBMCs
				Controls
				Preparation of Nucleic Acid Components
				NANP Design
				NANP Assembly
				Cytokine Detection
				Understanding the Mechanism of NANP Recognition
		Control Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles
		Biological Materials
		Reagents
		Reagent Setup
		Equipment
		Procedure
		Troubleshooting
		Anticipated Results
			Anticipated Results for Mechanistic Analysis (Steps 57–60)
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part IV: Delivery of Functional RNA Nanoparticles
	Chapter 31: The Emerging Field of RNA Nanotechnology
		Distinct Attributes of RNA Inside the Body
		Techniques for Constructing RNA Nanoparticles
		Applications of RNA Nanotechnology
			Challenges and Perspectives
		Acknowledgements
		Additional Information
		References
	Chapter 32: Thermodynamically Stable RNA Three-Way Junction for Constructing Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Delivery of Therapeutics
		Properties of 3WJ-pRNA
		Properties of 3WJ-pRNA with Therapeutic Modules
		In Vitro and in Vivo Assessments of Multi-Module 3WJ-pRNA
		Comparing 3WJ-pRNA with Other Biological 3WJ Motifs
		Methods
			Synthesis and Purification of pRNA
			Construction and Purification of pRNA Complexes
			Construction of Multi-Module RNA Nanoparticles
			Competition Assays and Radiolabel Chasing
			Melting Experiments for T m
			Stability Assay in Serum
			HBV Ribozyme Activity Assay
			MG Aptamer Fluorescence Assay
			Flow Cytometry Analysis of Folate-Mediated Cell Binding
			Confocal Microscopy
			Assay for the Silencing of Genes in Cancer Cell Model
			AFM Imaging
			Stability and Systemic Pharmacokinetic Analysis in Animals
			Targeting Tumor Xenograft by Systemic Injection in Animals
		Acknowledgments
		Author Contributions
		Additional Information
		Note
		References
	Chapter 33: RNAi Nanotherapeutics for Localized Cancer Therapy
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 34: Delivery of RNA Nanoparticles
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 35: Recommendations for Planning In Vivo Studies for RNAi Therapeutics
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 36: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Efficient siRNA Delivery
		Engineering MSNs to Address Major Challenges in siRNA Delivery
		Therapeutic Applications of siRNA-Loaded MSN Platform in Human Diseases
		Multifunctional Applications of siRNA-Loaded MSNs for Cancer Treatment
		Theranostic Applications of siRNA-Loaded MSNs for Cancer Imaging and Therapy
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 37: Method of Large-Scale Exosome Purification and Its Use for Pharmaceutical Applications
		Introduction
		Current Method for Exosome Purification
			Differential Ultracentrifugation
			Cushion-Modified Ultracentrifugation
			Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation
			Size Exclusion Chromatography
		Large-Scale Exosomes Production and Purification
			Production of Exosomes
			Purification of Exosomes
		Progress on Exosome-Based Pharmaceutics Development
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 38: Engineered Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutics for Liver Cancer
		Introduction
		Engineered Biological Nanoparticles as Carriers of RNA-Based Therapeutics
		Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Nanoparticles
		Physicochemical Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles
		Engineering EVs Through Surface Modifications
		Use of RNA Aptamers for Targeting Specificity
		An Illustrative Application – Developing Targeted Therapies for HCC
			Choice of Cellular Targets
			Choice of Targeted Cell Types
			Choice of Targeting Aptamer
			Generation of Targeted Biological Nanoparticles
		Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 39: Extracellular Vesicles (EVs): An Innovative Approach to Engineering Nucleic Acid Delivery
		What are Extracellular Vesicles?
		Therapeutic Potential of EVs as a Drug Delivery Vehicle
		EV Loading Methods
			Electroporation
			Sonoporation/Sonication
			Producer Cell Engineering
			Small RNA/DNA Loading Kit- Exo-Fect siRNA/miRNA Transfection Kit
		Cellular Uptake
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 40: Extracellular Vesicles (EVs): Naturally Occurring Vehicles for RNA Nanotherapeutics
		Introduction
		The Biogenesis of EVs
			Exosomes
			Microvesicles
			Apoptotic Bodies
			Other EVs
		The RNA Cargo of EVs
			mRNA
			MicroRNA
			Other Non-Coding RNAs
		The (Patho)physiological Role of EVs
			Immune Modulation
			Extracellular Signaling
			Cargo Trafficking
			Nucleic Acid Trafficking
			Cancer Progression
			Biomarkers of Disease
			Development and Regeneration
			Central Nervous System Function and Disease
		EVs as Therapeutic Tools
			EV Biodistribution: Engineering for Enhanced Uptake
			EV Cargo-Loading Methods
			Preclinical Studies of EV Therapeutic Applications
			EVs for RNA Therapeutics
			EVs in Clinical Trials
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 41: Harnessing Exosomes and Bioinspired Exosome-Like Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery
		Introduction
		Exosome Composition
		Loading Exosomes with siRNA
		Harnessing Natural Exosomes for siRNA Delivery
		Modified Exosome for Targeted siRNA Delivery
		Designing Bioinspired Exosome-Like Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part V: Application and Exploitation in RNA Nanotechnology
	Chapter 42: RNA Structural Modeling for Therapeutic Applications
		Introduction
		Computational Models for RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics
		miRNA, siRNA, shRNA, and sRNA Binding Site Prediction
		RNA Structure Prediction for Double-Stranded and Multi-Stranded RNA
		RNA Nanostructure Design
		Computationally Modeling the Structure of RNA Aptamers
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 43: RNA Micelles for Therapeutics Delivery and Cancer Therapy
		Introduction: RNA Micelles
		Formation and Characterization of RNA Micelles
		Delivery of Therapeutics by RNA Micelles
		Immunogenicity Evaluation of RNA Micelles
		Conclusion and Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 44: Bacteriophage RNA Leading the Way in RNA Nanotechnology for Targeted Cancer Therapy
		Introduction
		Packaging RNA Platform in RNA Nanotechnology
		Overcoming Bottlenecks in Targeted Drug Delivery
		Future Outlook Towards Clinical Use
		Acknowledgments
		Conflict of Interest
		References
	Chapter 45: Current State in the Development of RNAi Self-Assembled Nanostructures
		Introduction
		RNAi Mechanism
		Challenges of siRNA Delivery in the in vivo Environment
		RNA Nanoparticle
		Aptamer-siRNA Chimeras
		gp120 Aptamer–siRNA Chimeras
		pRNA–siRNA Chimeras
			pRNA/siRNAs/Aptamers Chimeras
			pRNA Three-Way Junction/Four-Way Junction–siRNA Chimeras
			Tripodal RNA Nanoparticles
			Self-Assembled siRNA Nanoparticles
			Conclusions and Future Prospects
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 46: RNA-Based Devices for Diagnostic and Biosensing
		RNA as a Material for Biosensors
			MicroRNA Detection
			Long Non-Coding RNA Detection
		Detection of RNAs Using RNA Biosensors
			Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
			Molecular Beacons
			RNA Switches
		RNA Devices Which Respond to Non-Nucleic Acid Analytes and Processes
			Ribozymes and Riboswitches
			Aptamers
		Future Directions of RNA-Based Diagnostics
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 47: MicroRNAs: Biology and Role in RNA Nanotechnology
		The Biogenesis of miRNAs
		The Mechanism of Action of miRNAs
		The Role of miRNAs in Disease and Therapy
			Cancer
			Cardiovascular Diseases
			Neurological Diseases
			Delivery of miRNAs as Therapeutics
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 48: Conjugation of RNA Aptamer to RNA Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery
		Introduction
		Structure of RNA Nanoparticles
			RNA Nanoparticles Formed by Dimerization of phi29 pRNA
			RNA Nanoparticle Composed of pRNA Multimer and Higher Order Structures as Scaffold
			Multivalent RNA Nanoparticles Based on the Three-Way Junction Motif
			RNA Polygon Nanoparticles Based on the Three-Way Junction Motif
		Conjugation of RNA Aptamers to RNA Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery
			RNA Aptamers and SELEX
			Approaches to Conjugate Aptamer to RNA Nanoparticles
			Key Factors for Conjugating Aptamer to RNA Nanoparticles
		Application Status of RNA Aptamer-Conjugated pRNA Nanoparticles
		Conclusions and Future Perspective
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 49: MicroRNAs in Human Cancers and Therapeutic Applications
		Introduction
		Biogenesis and Working Mechanism of miRNA
		miRNAs in Human Cancers
		miRNA Modulation for Cancer Therapy
			Chemically Modified Nucleotide Analogs
			Viral Delivery of miRNAs
			Non-Viral Delivery of miRNAs
		RNA Nanoparticles for Tissue-Specific Targeted miRNA
		Perspectives
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 50: Tuning the Size, Shape, and Structure of RNA Nanoparticles for Favorable Cancer Targeting and Immunostimulation
		Introduction
		Definition of RNA Nanotechnology
		Advantages of RNA Nanotechnology for Cancer Targeting and Immunomodulation
			RNA Nanoparticles Are Distinct from Traditional Therapeutic RNAs
			RNA Nanoparticles Show Favorable Cancer Targeting and Minimal Organ Accumulation
			RNA Nanoparticles Intrinsically Display Immunologically Inert Property and Non-Toxicity
		Physicochemical Properties of RNA Nanoparticles Affect In Vivo Biodistribution and Immune Response
			Nanoparticle Size
			Nanoparticle Shape
			Sequence Signature and Modular Stoichiometry
			Surface Chemistry
			Other Factors
		Perspectives
			RNA Nanotechnology for Potential Immunotherapy
			Understanding the Interactions of RNA Nanoparticles at the Nano-Bio Interface
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Conflict of Interest
		Note
		References
	Chapter 51: RNA Nanotechnology and Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) for Gene Therapy
		Background of EVs and Potential Application in Cancer Therapy
		RNA Nanotechnology for EVs Ligand Displaying and Delivering siRNA
			Arrow-Head or Arrow-Tail for RNA Loading or Membrane Display
			RNA-Displaying EVs Can Target Tumors and Silence Genes in Cancer Cell
			Inhibition of Tumor Growth by Ligand-3WJ-Displaying EVs
		Challenge of EVs Production and Alternative Source of EVs
			Displaying of Ligands on GDENs Using Arrow-Tail RNA Nanoparticles for Specific Cancer Targeting
			Therapeutic RNA Delivery and Tumor Suppression by Ligand-Displaying GDENs
		EVs Avoid Endosome Trapping and Facilitate Cytosol Delivery by Direct Fusion Mechanism
			Confirmation of Cytosol Delivery with Folate-Exosome
			Mechanism of Direct Fusion or Back Fusion After Entering Endosome
			Comparison of Gene-Silencing Efficiency and Tumor Inhibition Potency between Folate-Displaying Exosome and Folate-Conjugated siRNA
		References
	Chapter 52: Application of RNA Aptamers in Nanotechnology and Therapeutics
		Introduction
		Generation of Aptamers by In Vitro Selection
		Individual Aptamers as Reagents and Therapeutics
		Multivalent Aptamers and Aptamer-containing Nanoparticles
		Aptamer-Articulated Nanoscale Systems
		Prospects for Aptamer-Enabled Dynamic Structures
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index