Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels

Geophysical  Monograph Series......Page 1
Geophysical Monograph Series......Page 2
Rivers Over Rock:Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
INTRODUCTION......Page 8
Morphology......Page 10
Evidence of morphological change......Page 12
Flow dynamics and hydraulics......Page 15
Sediment transport......Page 19
QUESTIONS NEEDING ANSWERS......Page 21
Other factors......Page 22
REFERENCES......Page 23
INTRODUCTION......Page 26
PERSPECTIVE......Page 27
Butcher and Atkinson......Page 29
Allen......Page 31
Graf......Page 32
Komar and Li......Page 33
NEW DATA ON THE ANGLE OF SLIDING FRICTION......Page 34
ESTIMATES ON EFFECTIVE DENSITY OF ICE ENCASED BOULDERS......Page 35
SMALL CLAST EXPERIMENT......Page 38
APPENDIX ON BOULDER NOTATION......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 40
1.1 Why Study       Bedrock River Channels?......Page 42
1.2. Modeling Bedrock Channel Erosion......Page 43
2. BEDROCK EROSION PROCESSES......Page 45
2.1. Abrasion......Page 46
2.2. Bed Quarrying and  Hydraulic Wedging......Page 49
2.3 Cavitation......Page 53
2.4. Processes, Channel Evolution, and  Simulations......Page 54
3.0 FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF ROCK ABRASION RATES, INDUS RIVER......Page 56
3.1. Drill Hole Method......Page 58
3.2. Cosmogenic   Radionuclide Method......Page 60
3.3. Discussion of Erosion Measurements......Page 62
4. SYNTHESIS......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 68
3. TYPES OF MODELS......Page 69
3.1 One-Dimensional Models......Page 70
3.2 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models......Page 73
4. SELECTED CASE STUDIES......Page 79
4.1 "Mohawk" Site, Grand Canyon......Page 80
4.2 Dry Fork Coyote Narrows......Page 87
4.3 Cache la Poudre River......Page 92
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 107
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 112
2.2. Erosional and Depositional Patterns......Page 114
2.3. Sedimentology, Flow Processes,    and Depositional Mechanics......Page 117
2.4. Sediment      Supply and Valley Bottom                Aggradation         or Degradation......Page 124
3.3. Fine-Grained   Features:             Channel Margin Sand Bars......Page 125
3.4. Evolution of Sand Bodies......Page 127
3.5. Stability of Eddy Bars......Page 130
3.6. The          Effect of Variations  in Sediment Supply......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 135
INTRODUCTION......Page 139
Erosive Processes......Page 142
Single Flow-Path Channels......Page 143
CONCLUSIONS......Page 153
REFERENCES......Page 154
INTRODUCTION......Page 158
CATACLYSMIC FLOOD EROSION......Page 159
EXAMPLES FROM CENTRAL  INDIA......Page 160
Wide, Shallow Bedrock Channels......Page 161
Narrow, Deep Bedrock Channels......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 169
INTRODUCTION......Page 171
Watershed......Page 172
Climate and Hydrology......Page 173
Historical Perspective......Page 174
Methods......Page 176
Weathering- Preparation for Erosion......Page 178
Fluid  Flow Conditions......Page 179
Sediment Transport......Page 182
Morphology and Erosion of the Bed......Page 183
Adjustment of the Channel......Page 187
DISCUSSION......Page 188
REFERENCES......Page 190
Inland Propagation of Erosional      Escarpments and River Profile Evolution Across the Southeast Australian Passive Continental Margin......Page 192
1.2 Australia's           Southeastern            Passive Continental  Margin......Page 193
1.3 Summary of Previous Results......Page 194
2.1 Generating Stream Profiles......Page 197
2.2 Knickpoint Migration and Upstream Drainage Area......Page 198
2.3 Knickpoint Migration and Stream  Power Models......Page 199
3.1 Sampling Strategy......Page 202
3.2 Cosmogenic   Isotope Analysis......Page 203
3.4 Interpretation and  Discussion......Page 204
APPENDIX:  SOLVING THE STREAM  POWER EQUATION FOR CHANNEL INCISION BY THE  METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS......Page 206
REFERENCES......Page 207
INTRODUCTION......Page 210
Longitudinal Profile Evolution......Page 212
Fluvial Terrace Genesis......Page 214
Stream  Power Proportional Erosion  Laws......Page 215
Susquehanna River and related          passive margin     streams......Page 216
Rio Jemez......Page 219
Clearwater River......Page 221
Mattole River......Page 224
Rios Aranjuez, Barranca and Naranjo......Page 226
Summary of Long Profiles and Rates of  Incision......Page 227
Relative importance  of rock-uplift and climate on long profile evolution......Page 228
Importance of rock-type and  the role of  bedload......Page 229
Distribution of Basin-Scale      Stream P ower......Page 230
Conceptual Model for Bedrock Incision Over Geologic Time Scales......Page 231
CONCLUSIONS......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 239
2.1. The Stream Power Bedrock Incision Rate Law......Page 240
2.2. Applying the Stream Power Law to  River Profiles......Page 241
2.3. Modeling Equilibrium  River Profiles......Page 242
3. PROFILE ANALYSIS OF THE UPPER NOYORIVER BASIN, CALIFORNIA......Page 245
4.1. Model Development......Page 250
4.2. Implications  for Equilibrium      Longitudinal Profiles......Page 253
5. DISCUSSION......Page 258
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 260
INTRODUCTION......Page 263
Estimating Flood Discharge......Page 264
Rates of  Channel Change......Page 265
Direct Observations of Channel Change and  Hydraulics......Page 267
Niagara Peninsula......Page 268
Isle of  Man sites......Page 273
CONCLUDING DISCUSSION......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 276
INTRODUCTION......Page 280
1.1. Unscaled Models......Page 281
2. FLUME DESIGN AND  OPERATION......Page 282
2.1. Flume Components......Page 283
2.1. Slope and Discharge Control......Page 285
2.3. Flume Scaling......Page 286
3.2. Statistical Design of  Flume Experiments......Page 289
3.3. Effects of Flume Characteristics on Experimental Results......Page 290
4.1. Hydraulics......Page 291
4.2. Sediment Transport......Page 292
4.3. Channel Incision and Morphology......Page 293
5.1. Hydraulics......Page 294
REFERENCES......Page 295
INTRODUCTION......Page 298
Interaction of Weathering and Fluvial  Scour......Page 299
Erosion by Debris Flows and  Avalanches......Page 301
Headwater Channels: Conclusions......Page 307
The Distribution of Bedrock Channels......Page 308
Quantifying Erosional  Processes in Downstream Bedrock Channels......Page 309
Mixed Bedrock-Alluvial  Channels......Page 313
Gradient Control in Mixed  Channels......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 317
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 321