Rivers of North America

Rivers of North America
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
	References
Acknowledgments
Background and Approach
	Introduction
	Basic approach
	Chapter contents and background
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
			Physiography and Landscape
			Climate
			Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
			River Geomorphology
			Hydrology and River Flow
			Water Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
Atlantic Coast Rivers of the Northeastern United States
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Kennebec River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Merrimack River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Housatonic River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Raritan River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Mullica River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Patuxent River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Potomac River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Kennebec River
	Merrimack River
	Housatonic River
	Raritan River
	Mullica River
	Patuxent River
	Potomac River
Atlantic Coast Rivers of the Southeastern United States
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	York River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Roanoke River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Great Pee Dee River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Santee River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Edisto River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Altamaha River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Satilla River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	St. Marys River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	York River
	Roanoke River
	Great Pee Dee River
	Santee River
	Edisto River
	Altamaha River
	Satilla River
	St. Marys River
Gulf Coast Rivers of the Southeastern United States
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Pascagoula River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Tombigbee River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Black Warrior River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Coosa-Tallapoosa rivers
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Conecuh-Escambia River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Choctawhatchee River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Flint River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impact and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Caloosahatchee River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Pascagoula River
	Tombigbee River
	Black Warrior River
	Coosa/Tallapoosa Rivers
	Conecuh-Escambia River
	Choctawhatchee River
	Flint River
	Caloosahatchee River
Gulf Coast Rivers of the Southwestern United States
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Pecos River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Devils River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Nueces River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Nueces-Rio Grande basin
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	San Marcos River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Trinity River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	San Jacinto River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Neches River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Pecos River
	Devils River
	Nueces River
	Nueces-Rio Grande Basin
	San Marcos River
	Trinity River
	San Jacinto River
	Neches River
Rivers of the Lower Mississippi Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Current River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Cache River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Hatchie River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Wolf River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Ouachita River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Saline River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Big Sunflower River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Atchafalaya River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Current River
	Cache River
	Hatchie River
	Wolf River
	Ouachita River
	Saline River
	Big Sunflower River
	Atchafalaya River
Southern Plains Rivers
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Arkansas River Headwaters
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Canadian River Headwaters
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Cimarron River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Ninnescah River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Neosho River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Illinois River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Washita River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Kiamichi River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Arkansas River Headwaters
	Canadian River Headwaters
	Cimarron River
	Ninnescah River
	Neosho River
	Illinois River
	Washita River
	Kiamichi River
Upper Mississippi River Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Chippewa River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Root River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Wapsipinicon River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Des Moines-Skunk Rivers
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Rock River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Sangamon River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Meramec River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Kaskaskia River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Chippewa River
	Root River
	Wapsipinicon River
	Des Moines-Skunk Rivers
	Rock River
	Sangamon River
	Meramec River
	Kaskaskia River
Ohio River Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Green River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Kentucky River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Uuse
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Great Miami River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Licking River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Scioto River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Muskingum River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Allegheny River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Monongahela River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Green River
	Kentucky River
	Great Miami River
	Licking River
	Scioto River
	Muskingum River
	Allegheny River
	Monongahela River
Missouri River Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Madison River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Milk River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Cheyenne River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Niobrara River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Big Sioux River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Kansas River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Grand River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Osage River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Madison River
	Milk River
	Cheyenne River
	Niobrara River
	Big Sioux River
	Kansas River
	Grand River
	Osage River
Colorado River Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Gunnison River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	San Juan River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Virgin River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Bill Williams River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Black River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Verde River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Salt River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Gunnison River
	San Juan River
	Virgin River
	Bill Williams River
	Black River
	Verde River
	Salt River
Pacific Coast Rivers of the Coterminous United States
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Skagit River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Umpqua River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Eel River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Russian River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Santa Ana River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Santa Margarita River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Skagit River
	Umpqua River
	Eel River
	Russian River
	Santa Ana River
	Santa Margarita River
Columbia River Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Methow River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Wenatchee River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Cowlitz River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Spokane River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Deschutes River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	John Day River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Grande Ronde River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Clearwater River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Owyhee River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Methow River
	Wenatchee River
	Cowlitz River
	Spokane River
	Deschutes River
	John Day River
	Grande Ronde River
	Clearwater River
	Owyhee River
Great Basin Rivers
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Carson River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Marys River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Weber River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts/Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Provo River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Spanish Fork River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Carson River
	Marys River
	Weber River
	Provo River
	Spanish Fork River
Fraser River Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	West Road (Blackwater) River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Quesnel River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Chilcotin River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Lillooet-Harrison River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	West Road River
	Quesnel River
	Chilcotin River
	Lillooet-Harrison River
Pacific Coast Rivers of Canada and Alaska
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Chilkat River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Copper River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Nass River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Nushagak River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Taku River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Chilkat River
	Copper River
	Nass River
	Nushagak River
	Taku river
Yukon River Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Teslin River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Pelly River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	White River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Stewart River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Porcupine River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Teslin River
	Pelly River
	White River
	Stewart River
	Porcupine River
Mackenzie River Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Smoky River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Steepbank River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Hay River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	South Nahanni River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Yellowknife River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Arctic Red River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Peel River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Smoky River
	Steepbank River
	Hay River
	South Nahanni River
	Yellowknife River
	Arctic Red River
	Peel River
Nelson and Churchill River Basins
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Sibbald Creek
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Bow River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Beaver River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Otter Tail River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	QuAppelle River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Dauphin River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Smith Creek
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Sibbald Creek
	Bow River
	Beaver River
	Otter Tail River
	QuAppelle River
	Dauphin River
	Smith Creek
Rivers of Arctic North America
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Kobuk River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Colville River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Thelon River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Kazan River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Koroc River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Nakvak Brook
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Thomsen River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Ruggles River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts/Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Kobuk River
	Colville River
	Thelon River
	Kazan River
	Koroc River
	Nakvak Brook
	Thomsen River
	Ruggles River
Atlantic Coast Rivers of Canada
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Churchill River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Humber River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Margaree River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impact and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Bedeque Bay Complex
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impact and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Fundy Complex
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Cascapédia River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Churchill River
	Humber River
	Margaree River
	Bedeque Bay Complex
	Fundy Complex
	Cascapédia River
St. Lawrence River-Great Lakes Basin
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Au Sable River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Black River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Cuyahoga River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Maumee River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Muskegon River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Ontonagon River
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Rivière Richelieu
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Rivière Saint-Maurice
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Au Sable River
	Black River
	Cuyahoga River
	Maumee River
	Muskegon River
	Ontonagon River
	Rivière Richelieu
	Rivière Saint-Maurice
Rivers of Mexico
	Introduction
		Physiography and Climate
		Basin Landscape and Land Use
		The Rivers
	Río Fuerte
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Río Salado
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Río Nazas-Aguanaval
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Río Tamesí
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Río Balsas
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Río de la Sierra
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Río Lacantún
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	Río Hondo
		Physiography, Climate, and Land Use
		River Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Chemistry
		River Biodiversity and Ecology
			Algae and Cyanobacteria
			Plants
			Invertebrates
			Vertebrates
			Ecosystem Processes
		Human Impacts and Special Features
		Areas of Need for Research and Management
	References
	Río Fuerte
	Río Salado
	Río Nazas-Aguanaval
	Río Tamesí
	Río Balsas
	Río de la Sierra
	Río Lacantún
	Río Hondo
Rivers of North America: Overview and Future Prospects
	The variety of rivers
		Variation in Physical Characteristics
		Variation in Biological and Ecological Characteristics
	Restoration and recovery of North America´s rivers
		Pollution
		Dams and River Fragmentation
		Habitat Degradation
		Nonnative Species
		Climate Change
		Conservation Planning for Freshwater
	Conclusion
	References
Common and Scientific Names for Plants, Vertebrates, and Selected Invertebrates
	Plants
	Invertebrates
	Fishes
	Herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles)
	Birds
	Mammals
	References
Glossary