Rivers of India: Past, Present and Future

Contents
Geomorphological and GIS-Based Analysis of Catchment Areas in River Narmada, Central India
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data and Methods
			2.2.1 Extraction of River Watershed
			2.2.2 Extraction of Drainage Network
			2.2.3 Terrain Status
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Aspect
			3.1.1 Slope
			3.1.2 Terrain Status
		3.2 Linear Aspect
			3.2.1 Stream Order
			3.2.2 Stream Number
			3.2.3 Stream Length
			3.2.4 Mean Stream Length
			3.2.5 Stream Length Ratio
			3.2.6 Bifurcation Ratio
		3.3 Aerial Aspects
			3.3.1 Drainage Density
			3.3.2 Drainage Frequency
			3.3.3 Drainage Texture
			3.3.4 Form Factor
			3.3.5 Circulatory Ratio
			3.3.6 Elongation Ratio
			3.3.7 Length of Overland Flow
		3.4 Relief Aspect
			3.4.1 Basin Relief
			3.4.2 Relief Ratio
			3.4.3 Ruggedness Number
	4 Conclusion
	References
Role of Multipurpose River Valley Projects in the Agricultural Development of India Since Independence
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Irrigation Development as per Sources in India
		3.1 Types and Sources of Irrigation
	4 Water Resources in India
		4.1 Water Bodies
		4.2 Types of Water Sources
			4.2.1 Surface Water
			4.2.2 Groundwater
	5 Different Types of Irrigation
		5.1 Surface Irrigation
		5.2 Ditch Irrigation
		5.3 Localized Irrigation
		5.4 Drip Irrigation
		5.5 Overhead Irrigation
		5.6 Sub-irrigation
		5.7 Manual Irrigation
			5.7.1 Flow Irrigation
			5.7.2 Lift Irrigation
		5.8 Sources of Irrigation
			5.8.1 Canal Irrigation
				5.8.1.1 Inundation Canals
				5.8.1.2 Perennial Canals
			5.8.2 Wells and Tube Well Irrigation
			5.8.3 Tank Irrigation
	6 Development of Underground Sources of Irrigation in India
		6.1 Groundwater Irrigation
	7 Intensity of Irrigation and Agricultural Development
	8 Demand of Water in the Irrigation Sector
	9 Irrigation Development in the Country During Different Plan Periods
	10 Status of Irrigation Potential and Its Likely Phasing
	11 Year-Wise Achievement of Irrigation Potential Created/Utilized Under Major, Medium, and Minor Irrigation of the XI Plan in India
	12 Post-Independence Irrigation Development in India
		12.1 Present Status of Irrigation Development in India
		12.2 Irrigation in Twelfth Plan Period
	13 National Water Grid System
		13.1 Himalayan Component
		13.2 Peninsular Component
		13.3 Intra-state Interlinking of Rivers
	14 Present Status of Interlinking of Rivers Program
		14.1 Pros and Cons of River Interlinking
			14.1.1 Conclusion
	References
		Bibliography
Response of the River Jhelum to Active Tectonics, NW Himalaya
	1 Introduction
	2 Tectonic-geomorphic Setting of the Kashmir Valley
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Sinuosity Index
		4.2 Lateral Entrenchment Ratio
		4.3 Stream Length Gradient Index
		4.4 Braided Index (BI)
		4.5 River Width Profiling
		4.6 River Terraces
	5 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Current Status of Pollution in Major Rivers and Tributaries of India and Protection-Restoration Strategies
	1 Introduction
	2 Causes of Pollution
		2.1 Natural Causes
		2.2 Anthropogenic Causes
	3 Current Status of Pollution in Major Rivers
	4 Impacts of Water Pollution
	5 Strategies to Control Pollution
	6 Conclusion
	References
Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Peninsular Indian River Sediments with Special Reference to Godavari and Krishna Rivers
	1 Introduction
	2 Geological Settings and Climate
	3 Geochemistry
		3.1 Major and Trace Elements
		3.2 Rare-Earth Elements
		3.3 Strontium and Neodymium Isotopes
		3.4 Clay Mineralogy
	4 Conclusions
	References
Sand Mining: A Silent Threat to the River Ecosystem
	1 Introduction
	2 Factors Affecting Sand Mining
		2.1 Civil Construction: The Major Driver of Sand Mining
	3 Formation and Characteristics of River Sand
	4 Monitoring of Sand Mining Activities
	5 Impact of Sand Mining on the River Ecosystem
		5.1 Morphology and Sediment Beds of Rivers
		5.2 Impact on Water Quality and Aquatic Life
	6 Remediation Alternatives
	7 Summary
	References
Comprehensive River Health Assessment System for Indian Rivers: A Case Study of Central Indian River Narmada
	1 Introduction
	2 River Health: An Integrative Approach
	3 Assessment Methods
	4 Towards Protection and Conservation of Fish Biodiversity
	5 The Narmada Case Study
	6 Results and Recommendations
	7 Concluding Remarks Concerning Rivers of India
	References
Assessment of Seasonal Variation in Water Quality of Gomti River, Jaunpur City, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Sample Station
	3 Analytical Methods
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Level of Water Parameter in Gomti River, Pre-monsoon, Jaunpur City
	5 Calculation Water Quality Index (WQI)
	6 Conclusion
	References
Geomorphology of the Son River Basin, India Based on Remotely Sense Data: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Role of Rivers in the Carbon Cycle and the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities
	1 Introduction
	2 River and Biogeochemical Linkages
		2.1 Carbon as the Element
		2.2 Biogeochemical Processes of Carbon
		2.3 Forms of Riverine Carbon
	3 Quantification of Carbon Transport by Rivers
		3.1 Integrating the Rivers into the Carbon Budget
	4 Impact of Human Activities
		4.1 Deforestation
		4.2 Urbanization
		4.3 Burning of Fossil Fuels
		4.4 Changing Land Use
		4.5 Agricultural Soil Disturbances
		4.6 Tropical Peatland Disturbances
		4.7 Wetland Removal
	5 Balance for Climate
	6 Conclusion
	References
Decline of Dholavira Urban Settlement of Harappan Civilization in Kachchh was Associated with Global Climate Change Rather than the Decline of any Major Fluvial System
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Quaternary Successions
	3 Grain Size Analysis
	4 Geochemistry and Chronology
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Ghaghara River: A Case Study of Flood in Uttar Pradesh by GIS-Based Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Ghaghara River Valley in Uttar Pradesh
		2.1 Sector A
		2.2 Sector B
		2.3 Sector C
	3 Ghaghara Basin in Uttar Pradesh
	4 Flooding in Ghaghara Basin (Uttar Pradesh)
	5 Remote Sensing Satellite and GIS-Based Approaches
		5.1 Rainfall Distribution
		5.2 Slope Analysis
		5.3 Drainage Density (Dd)
		5.4 Soil Moisture
		5.5 Area of Micro-watershed
		5.6 Land Use-Land Cover (LULC) Analysis
		5.7 Soil Texture
		5.8 Multicriteria Analysis (MCA)
		5.9 Flood Hazard Risk Zone
	6 Discussions
		6.1 Very Low and Low Flood Hazard Zone
		6.2 Moderate Flood Hazard Zone
		6.3 High Flood Hazard Zone
		6.4 Very High Flood Hazard Zone
	7 Conclusions
	References
Flood Hydrology, Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics of the Tapi River, Western India
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Geomorphological and Hydrological Characteristics of the Tapi Basin
	2 Flood Hydrology
		2.1 Annual Flood Series Data and Analysis
		2.2 Flood Regime Characteristics
			2.2.1 Interannual Variability in Annual Peak Discharges
			2.2.2 Average Magnitude and Variability of Floods
			2.2.3 Skewness
			2.2.4 Unit Discharges
	3 Flood Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics
		3.1 Change in the Width-Depth Quotient with Flows
		3.2 Changes in Hydraulic Variables with Increasing Discharge
		3.3 Hydraulic and Hydrodynamic Parameters of Floods
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Geomorphological Analysis of the Ukhma River Basin from the Northern Foreland of Peninsular India
	1 Introduction
	2 Geology of the Area
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Drainage Pattern and Morphometric Aspects
		4.2 Linear Characteristics of the Basin
		4.3 Areal Aspects of the Basin
		4.4 Relief Aspects of the Basin
		4.5 Lineaments Analysis
		4.6 Longitudinal Profiles
		4.7 Asymmetry Factor (AF)
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Index