Riverine Systems: Understanding the Hydrological, Hydrosocial and Hydro-heritage Dynamics

Preface
Contents
Part I: Hydrology
	Chapter 1: Environmental Flows and Their Assessment
		INTRODUCTION
		IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS IN ECOSYSTEM
		METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ASSESSMENT
		CASE STUDIES
			The EF in Upper Ganga Basin
			Streamflow Variability
			Environmental Flow (EF) Assessment Using Modified Empirical Method
			Gazette Notification for EF Assessment in Upper Ganga Basin
			The EF in Yamuna Basin
			Integrated Modeling for Assessment of e-flows
		IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS
		SUMMARY
		References
	Chapter 2: Story of the Ganga River: Its Pollution and Rejuvenation
		INTRODUCTION
		STATUS AND IMPACT OF POLLUTION
			Municipal Sewage and Open Defecation
				Inadequate and sub-optimal functioning of sewage treatment plants (STPs)
				Open defecation and unsatisfactory sanitation
			Industrial Wastewater Discharge
			Agricultural Runoff and Soil Erosion
			Religious Activities and Inefficient Solid Waste Management
				Religious Activities
				Ineffective solid waste disposal and management
			Flow Obstructions and Water Abstractions
		OVERVIEW OF EFFORTS UNDERTAKEN FOR THE REJUVENATION FOR RIVER GANGA
			Source Control of Pollution
				Channelization, treatment, utilization and disposal of treated domestic sewage
				Industrial Pollution Control
				Solid Waste Management
			River Catchment/Basin Management
				Maintenances of environmental flows (e-flow)
				Water quality monitoring
				Controlled groundwater extraction
			Other Restoration Measures
				Variety of Riverfront Development Projects on Ganga and its Tributaries
				Afforestation and Biodiversity Conservation (BC)
				Protection of Flood Plains
				In-situ Bioremediation
				Public Awareness
		LESSONS FROM FEW GLOBAL RIVER REJUVENATION ATTEMPTS
		CHALLENGES CONCERNING TO REJUVENATION STRATEGIES
		INTERVENTIONS RECOMMENDED
		References
	Chapter 3: Ganges Groundwater Interaction at Varanasi
		INTRODUCTION
		STUDY AREA
			Gangetic River System
			Varanasi
		AQUIFER DELINEATION
		GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY
		SURFACE WATER-GROUNDWATER INTERACTION
			Water Level Fluctuation
			Mixing Model
		CONCLUSION
		References
	Chapter 4: Microbial Water Quality Assessment in River Ganga (Bihar)
		RIVER SYSTEM
			The Holy Ganga in Bihar
			Sources of Ganga Pollution
		COLIFORM BACTERIA IN RIVER WATER
			Bacterial Indicators Use in Water Quality
			Water Quality Indicator Microbes
				Indicator Microbes
				Total Coliform
				Escherichia coli (E. coli)
		SAMPLE COLLECTION SITE FOR MICROBIAL ANALYSIS IN GANGA WATER
		ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF GANGA
			Microbial contamination observation
		WATERBORNE DISEASES
		HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO FAECAL POLLUTION
		CONCLUSION
		References
	Chapter 5: Vulnerability and Resilience Status of River Systems of North-Eastern India: A Special Reference to Brahmaputra
		INTRODUCTION
		RIVER SYSTEMS IN NORTH-EASTERN INDIA
			The Brahmaputra river basin
		VULNERABILITY OF URBAN WATER BODIES
		RESEARCH STUDIES ON NORTH-EASTERN RIVERS (BRAHMAPUTRA)
		CONCLUSION
		References
	Chapter 6: Flood Hazard of the Brahmaputra River in Assam: Current Mitigation Approaches, Challenges and Sustainable Solution ...
		INTRODUCTION
		CAUSES OF FLOODS IN BRAHMAPUTRA
		EXISTING FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
		CHALLENGES
		WAY FORWARD
		References
	Chapter 7: Integrated Simulation of Surfacewater-Groundwater (SW-GW) Interactions Using SWAT-MODFLOW (Case study: Shiraz Basin...
		INTRODUCTION
		AIM AND SCOPE
		CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
		THEORY OF SW-GW INTERACTION
		DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
		SWAT-MODFLOW MODEL DEVELOPMENT
		SWAT-MODFLOW CALIBRATION
		RESULT
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 8: Effect of Changing Climate on the Water Resources of Upper Jhelum Basin (UJB), India
		INTRODUCTION
		STUDY AREA
		HYDROLOGICAL SETUP
		METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
		END MEMBER-MIXING ANALYSIS (EMMA)
		RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
			Variability of Stable Water Isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) in Source Waters
			Variability of Stable Water Isotopes (18O and 2H) in Stream Water
			Contribution of Rain, Snow and Glacier Melt to River Jhelum
		RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCHARGE AND PRECIPITATION REGIMES
		LONG-TERM CHANGE IN SNOW COVER
		INFLUENCE OF CHANGING CLIMATE ON THE WATER RESOURCES OF UJB
		CONCLUSION
		References
	Chapter 9: Geogenic and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Water Quality of Cauvery River
		INTRODUCTION
		FACTORS CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION OF RIVER WATER
			Meteorological and Geographical Factors
			Hydrological Factors
			Lithological Factors
			Landuse/Land Cover
		TEMPORAL VARIATION IN WATER QUALITY
		SOURCES AND TYPES OF CONTAMINATION
			Natural Source
			Anthropogenic Sources
		SOURCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION
			Point Source
			Non-point Source
		CLIMATE CHANGE
		TYPES OF POLLUTANTS
			Inorganic Pollutants
			Organic Pollutants
			Microbial Pollutants
		WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
			Physical Parameters
				pH
				Electrical conductivity
				Turbidity
				Oxidation-reduction potential
				Temperature
				Dissolved oxygen
			Chemical Parameters
				Major ions, minor ions and trace elements
				Alkalinity
				Nutrients
				Biochemical oxygen demand
				Chemical oxygen demand
		METHODS TO IDENTIFY ANTHROPOGENIC AND GEOGENIC CONTAMINATION IN RIVERS
			Microbial Identification
			Isotopic Identification
		IDENTIFICATION USING MAJOR IONS
		STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
			Sampling Methodology
			Surface Water Quality in the Basin
			Groundwater Quality in the Basin
			Impact of river water recharge on groundwater quality
		FACTORS INFLUENCING RIVER WATER QUALITY IN CAUVERY BASIN
			Meteorological Conditions
			Hydrological Factors
			Lithology
		LANDUSE/LAND COVER
		CONCLUSION
		References
	Chapter 10: Fluvio-dynamics and Groundwater System in the Narmada River Basin, India
		INTRODUCTION
		THE NARMADA RIVER BASIN (NRB)
		NARMADA ALLUVIAL PLAIN
		NEOTECTONICS AND DYNAMICS IN THE NARMADA RIVER SYSTEM
		PALAEOCHANNELS IN NARMADA ALLUVIAL PLAINS
		ALLUVIAL HYDROGEOLOGY IN UPPER NARMADA RIVER BASIN IN MADHYA PRADESH
			Hydrogeological parameters of alluvial aquifers in NAP
		CONCLUSION
		References
	Chapter 11: Groundwater Resources in Punjab and Bist-Doab Area: An Appraisal and Overview
		INTRODUCTION
		HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL FEATURES
			Physiography
			Demography
			Climate and Rainfall
			Soils
			Rivers of Punjab
			Agriculture
			Water and Irrigation
			Groundwater Aquifer
		GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
			Water Quality
		BIST-DOAB REGION: A CASE STUDY
			Land-Use Changes (LUCs)
			Groundwater Fluctuation
			Satellite based (GRACE data) GWL analysis
		ISOTOPE ANALYSIS
		CONCLUSIONS
		References
	Chapter 12: Environmental Flow Impacts on Water Quality of Peninsular River System: Tunga-Bhadra River, India
		INTRODUCTION
		DATA AND METHODOLOGY: CASE STUDY
			Threshold indices for low flows
			Standardized Runoff Index (SRI)
			Environmental Flows and Water Quality
		RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
			Low Flow Analysis
			River Water Quality Analysis
		CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
		References
Part II: Hydrosocial
	Chapter 13: Relationships First: Introducing Phenomenological Research Methodology in Hydrosocial Scholarship
		INTRODUCTION
		PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
			Interpretive Approach in PRM
		PHENOMENOLOGICAL NARRATIVES ON CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENT AND LANDSCAPE OF SUNDARBANS
		CONCLUSION
		References
	Chapter 14: Socio-hydrology: A Holistic Approach to Water-Human Nexus in Large Riverine Islands of India, Bangladesh and Vietn...
		INTRODUCTION
		METHODOLOGY
		EXPECTED DELIVERABLES/OUTPUTS
		RELEVANCE
			APN´s Strategic Plan
			Policy Processes and Sustainability
			Scientific Capacity Development for Global Change Research
		CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARD
		References
	Chapter 15: Interlinking of Indian Rivers: Floated Myths, Flouted Realities
		INTERLINKING RIVERS: A CONCERN
		ILR AS A REMEDY FOR INDIA´S WATER WOES
			Co-managing `Menace´ of Floods and `Curse´ of Drought
			Interlinking for Food- and Water-secure Future
			Hydropower and Other Incidental Benefits
		UNDERSTANDING THE CRITICISM FOR ILR
			Flawed Assumptions and Miscalculated Benefits
			Overlooking Alternatives: A Case for Local Solutions
			Emerging Ecological Concerns
		ILR IN LIGHT OF EMERGING NEW PARADIGM OF INTEGRATED WATER GOVERNANCE
		CONCLUDING REMARKS
		ANNEXURE
		References
	Chapter 16: Dynamics of Transboundary River Conflicts vis-à-vis Nature Based Negotiated Approach (NBNA) Solution: Case Study R...
		INTRODUCTION
		WATER CONFLICTS: HYDRO POLITICS OCCUPY THE PIVOTAL POINT
		TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER PARADIGM IN SOUTH ASIA
		INDIA BANGLADESH RIVER DYNAMICS
		TEESTA WATER SHARING POLITICS: REALITY VERSUS RHETORIC (CASE STUDY)
			Hardly any water available to split between India and Bangladesh
			Poor Planning: Priorities Changed
			Hydroelectricity Factor
			Measuring Water Flow During Wrong Time
			The Teesta-Mahananda Link Canal Impact
			The Climate Change Effect
		NATURE BASED NEGOTIATED APPROACH (NBNA)IS THE KEY
		References
Part III: Hydro-heritage
	Chapter 17: A Deep Ecological Exploration of Indian River Systems: Review of Its Cultural Landscape and Triveni Sangam Case
		INTRODUCTION
		DEEP ECOLOGY AND FLOW OF RIVERS
		RIVERS IN INDIAN LANDSCAPE
			An Imagery of Sarasvati
			\Allegory of Triveni Sangam
			Network of Nerve Circuits: Plexus centers (chakras) and currents (nadis or rivers)
			Caduceus: Three rivers of Medical Corps and World Health Organization
		DOUBLE INTENDER: THE TWO-WAY FLOW
		CONCLUSIONS
		References
	Chapter 18: Evolution of Water Management Practices in India
		INTRODUCTION
		WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FROM HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION TO GUPTA EMPIRE
		WATER MANAGEMENT AFTER THE GUPTA EMPIRE PERIOD (500 A.D.) TILL 1500 A.D.
		WATER MANAGEMENT DURING THE MEDIEVAL INDIA, THE MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526-1857 A.D.)
		WATER MANAGEMENT DURING THE BRITISH PERIOD (1857-1947)
		POST-INDEPENDENCE TO 2000 AD
		PERSPECTIVES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
		SUMMARY
		References
	Chapter 19: Implications of Geodynamics on Extinction of Vedic River Sarasvati
		INTRODUCTION
		ROLE OF GEODYNAMICS ON MIGRATION OF RIVER SARASVATI
		DATA SETS AND METHODOLOGY
		RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
			Drainage Migration
			Paleo-channel Identification and Mapping
			Topography Profiling and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) Survey for Paleo-channel Characterization
			Paleo-drainage Modifications under Tectonic Influence
			Sarasvati River Course and Tectonics
			Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Observations
		CONCLUSION
		References
	Chapter 20: Evaluating Groundwater Sources and Dynamics along the Paleochannel Network of Northwest India Using Isotope Tracers
		INTRODUCTION
		STUDY AREA
		SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT
		RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
			Hydrochemical Inferences
			Vertical Trends
			Temporal Variation
			Environmental Stable Isotopes
			Radioisotopes
		CONCLUSIONS
		FUTURE STUDIES
		References
	Chapter 21: Delineation of Two Ancient Rivers (Chandrabhaga in Konark and Saradha in Puri, Odisha): A Multi-disciplinary Appro...
		INTRODUCTION
			Chandrabhaga
			Saradha
			Location and Geology
		ANCIENT LITERATURE STUDY
			Myths Related to these Ancient Rivers
			Old Paintings and Photographs
		SCIENTIFIC DELINEATION OF TWO ANCIENT RIVERS
			Satellite Imagery Study
			GPR Survey
			Field Validation
		EVIDENCE OF EXISTENCE OF TWO ANCIENT RIVERS
			Layer Integration for Chandrabhaga River
		References
	Chapter 22: Changing River Courses in Bengal (1780 to 2020)
		BASIN FILL HISTORY
		DYNAMIC RIVERS
			Changing Courses of the Ganga
			Changing Meander of the Ganga
		EASTERLY FLIGHT OF WATER
		AVULSION OF MAHANANDA, BRAHMAPUTRA AND TEESTA
			The Changing Coast
		CONCLUDING REMARKS
		References
	Chapter 23: Investigating the Evolution of Architectural Elements and Patterns of New-urbanism along Ganga: A Case of Varanasi
		INTRODUCTION
		ROLE OF GANGA RIVER IN ATTRACTING VARIOUS KINGDOMS ACROSS INDIA
		ARCHITECTURAL STYLES OF THE GHATS
			Adi Keshav Ghat
			Panchganga Ghat
			Dhashashwamedh Ghat
			Kedar Ghat
			Assi Ghat
		KUNDS AND GANGA: SMALLER BODIES AS ENACTMENT OF LARGER BODY
		CITY AND ELEMENTS OF NEW URBANISM
		EVOLUTION OF RELATIONSHIP OF GANGA WITH THE CITIZENS
			Rituals Related to the River Ganga
			Changing Perspectives
		CONCLUSION
		References
Index