Riverbank Erosion in the Bengal Delta: An Integrated Perspective (Springer Geography)

Foreword
Preface
Scientific Notations
Conversion Table
	Length
	Area
	Volume
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About the Book
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
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	Chapter 1: Riverbank Erosion: Basic Concepts and Approaches
		1.1 Conceptual Outlook of Riverbank Erosion
		1.2 Historical Perspective of Bank Erosion Hazard Studies
			1.2.1 Trajectory of Bank Erosion Research
			1.2.2 Approaches to Bank Erosion Study
		1.3 Dimensions of Riverbank Erosion Research
		1.4 Interdisciplinary Nature of Riverbank Erosion
		1.5 Scales in Riverbank Erosion Study
		References
	Chapter 2: Context of Riverbank Erosion
		2.1 Backdrop
		2.2 Global Perspective on Riverbank Erosion
		2.3 Regional Perspective on River Bank Erosion in the Bengal Delta
		2.4 The State of the Art of Bank Erosion Research in the Bengal Delta
		2.5 Present Study: Needs and Focus
		References
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	Chapter 3: Riverbank Erosion: A Natural Process
		3.1 Riverbank Erosion: A Natural Geoecological Process
		3.2 Types and Mechanisms of Bank Erosion
			3.2.1 Mechanism of Bank Erosion: World Scenario
			3.2.2 Bank Erosion Scenario of Bengal Delta
		3.3 Riverbank Erosion Factors
			3.3.1 Erodibility Factors
			3.3.2 Erosivity Factors
				3.3.2.1 Erosivity Under Monsoon Regime
				3.3.2.2 Tidal Upsurge and Storm Surge
				3.3.2.3 Variable River Regime
		3.4 Measurement of Riverbank Erosion
			3.4.1 Field Techniques
				3.4.1.1 Erosion Pin
				3.4.1.2 Photo Electronic Erosion Pin (PEEP) and PEET-3T
				3.4.1.3 Total Station and Terrestrial Laser Scanner
			3.4.2 Existing Models on River Bank Erosion
				3.4.2.1 Bank Assessment of Non-point Source Consequence of Sediment (BANCS)
				3.4.2.2 The Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM)
				3.4.2.3 The Bank Stability Model (BSM)
				3.4.2.4 Toe Erosion Model (TEM)
				3.4.2.5 Dynamic SedNet Stream Bank Erosion Model
				3.4.2.6 Numerical Modelling Using DSAS Model
				3.4.2.7 Generalized Model of Quantitative Assessment of River Bank Erosion Across the Cross-Sections
			3.4.3 Empirical Measurements of Bank Erosion
				3.4.3.1 Bankline Shifting Using DSAS Model in the Bengal Delta
				3.4.3.2 Quantitative Assessment of Bank Erosion Along the Cross Sections of Bhagirathi River
		References
	Chapter 4: Riverbank Erosion: A Human-Induced Process
		4.1 Regulated River Regime and Bank Erosion
			4.1.1 Farakka Barrage Project: A Mega-scale Intervention
			4.1.2 Decrease of Lean Period Discharge in the Post-Farakka Period and Bank Erosion in Bangladesh
			4.1.3 Increase of Lean Period Discharge in the Post-Farakka Period and Bank Erosion in India
			4.1.4 Fluctuation in River Regime Through Controlled Hydrology
		4.2 Land Use and Cover Changes and Bank Erosion
			4.2.1 Impact of Bank Erosion on Land Use and Cover Changes
				4.2.1.1 Basin-Scale Analysis
				4.2.1.2 Site-Specific Analysis
			4.2.2 Impact of Land Use on Channel Instability and Bank Erosion
		4.3 Other Anthropogenic Drivers of Bank Erosion
			4.3.1 Brickfields and Sediment Flux
			4.3.2 Road Stream Crossing and Channel Changes
			4.3.3 Guide Bank and Sedimentation
			4.3.4 Vessel Movements and Bank Failure
		References
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	Chapter 5: Riverbank Erosion and Channel Morphology
		5.1 Channel Planform Changes
			5.1.1 Channel Oscillation and Meandering in Bengal Basin
				5.1.1.1 Oscillatory Behaviour and Meander Deformation
				5.1.1.2 Stream Meandering and Sinuosity
			5.1.2 Stream Meandering and Meander Geometry for the Bhagirathi River
				5.1.2.1 Pattern of Meandering
				5.1.2.2 Geometry of Stream Meandering
			5.1.3 Channel Braiding in the Bengal Basin
				5.1.3.1 General Nature of Braiding Indices
				5.1.3.2 Case Studies from Bengal Basin
		5.2 Channel Cross-sectional Changes
			5.2.1 Channel Geometry
				5.2.1.1 Width-Depth Ratio
				5.2.1.2 Width Index
				5.2.1.3 Depth Index
				5.2.1.4 Channel Efficiency Index
			5.2.2 Analysis of Channel Asymmetry
				5.2.2.1 Measuring Channel Asymmetry
				5.2.2.2 Pattern of Asymmetry Indices
		References
	Chapter 6: Economic Vulnerabilities Induced by Riverbank Erosion
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Conceptual Framework on Resource Base, Economy, and Livelihood
			6.2.1 Resource Base and Economy
			6.2.2 Shifting of Economic Activity
			6.2.3 Rural Livelihood and Its Change
		6.3 Change in the Asset Profile
			6.3.1 Nature of Land Loss
			6.3.2 Loss of Agricultural and Settlement Land
			6.3.3 Bank Erosion and Displacement
			6.3.4 Selling of Properties and Assets
		6.4 Change in Income Portfolio
			6.4.1 Sources of Income
			6.4.2 Distribution of Income
		6.5 Poverty Assessment
			6.5.1 Techniques for Measuring Poverty
				6.5.1.1 Head Count Index
				6.5.1.2 Poverty Gap Index
				6.5.1.3 Poverty Severity Index
			6.5.2 Analysis of Poverty
		6.6 Occupational Change and Livelihood Diversification
			6.6.1 Nature of Diversification
			6.6.2 Measurement of Diversification
				6.6.2.1 Inverse Herfindahl-Hirschman Index
				6.6.2.2 Individual Occupational Diversification Index
			6.6.3 Assessment of Factors
		6.7 Multivariate Analysis of Livelihood Vulnerability
			6.7.1 Variable-Wise Analysis (R- mode Analysis)
			6.7.2 Region-Wise Analysis (Q-mode Analysis)
			6.7.3 Livelihood Vulnerability Among Various Income Groups
		6.8 Impact on Agricultural Activities
			6.8.1 Agriculture in West Bengal
				6.8.1.1 Cropping Intensity
				6.8.1.2 Crop Diversity
				6.8.1.3 Agricultural Productivity
				6.8.1.4 Commercialization of Agriculture
				6.8.1.5 Critical Appreciation of Mainland and Charland Agriculture in West Bengal and Bangladesh
		6.9 Recent Changes in the Economic Landscape
		References
	Chapter 7: Social Instabilities Induced by Riverbank Erosion
		7.1 Backdrop
		7.2 Changes in Social Institutions
			7.2.1 Family
			7.2.2 Kinship
			7.2.3 Education
			7.2.4 Healthcare
			7.2.5 Government
		7.3 Social Processes and Social Relation in Hazardous Space
			7.3.1 Measuring the Social Processes
			7.3.2 Pattern of Social Processes
				7.3.2.1 Intraindividual Processes
				7.3.2.2 Interpersonal Processes
				7.3.2.3 Intergroup Processes
				7.3.2.4 Group Processes
			7.3.3 Association of Social Processes
		7.4 Social Psychological Effects of Bank Erosion Hazard
		7.5 Social Psychology of Desire
		7.6 Emic and Etic Perspectives of Bank Erosion
			7.6.1 Perception of Women
			7.6.2 Perception of Economic Migrants
			7.6.3 Perception of Permanent Migrants
			7.6.4 Perception of School Teachers Coming from Outside (Etic Perspective)
			7.6.5 Perception of Outside People and Relatives (Etic Perspective)
		7.7 Emergence of Charland and Critical Social Process
			7.7.1 Backdrop and Rationale
			7.7.2 Study Design
			7.7.3 Study Findings and Analysis
				7.7.3.1 Evolution of Mid-Channel Bar into the Bank-Attached Bar
				7.7.3.2 Evolution of Char and Social Instability
		References
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	Chapter 8: Coping Strategies: Towards a Resilient Society
		8.1 Swimming Against the Tide
		8.2 Existing Strategies at the Individual and Community Level
			8.2.1 Individual and Community Initiatives in West Bengal
			8.2.2 Individual and Community Initiatives in Bangladesh
		8.3 Controlling Measures (Engineering)
			8.3.1 Civil Engineering Measures
				8.3.1.1 Major Civil Engineering Structures
				8.3.1.2 Civil Engineering in West Bengal
				8.3.1.3 Civil Engineering in Bangladesh
			8.3.2 Bio-engineering/Bio-technical Measures
		8.4 Alternative Mitigation Measures (Social Engineering): Examples from West Bengal and Bangladesh
			8.4.1 In-Situ Models
				8.4.1.1 Matiari Model - Non-land-Based Household Manufacturing
				8.4.1.2 Common Property Resource Management
				8.4.1.3 Development of Indigenous Small-Scale and Cottage Industry
			8.4.2 Ex-Situ Models
				8.4.2.1 Model of Labour Migration
				8.4.2.2 Densification of Settlement
		8.5 Concluding Notes
		References
	Chapter 9: Future Speculations and Challenges
		9.1 Perspectives of Future Speculations and Challenges
		9.2 Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Bank Erosion
		9.3 Sociocultural Changes and Bank Erosion
		9.4 Future Speculation About the Livelihood Strategies
		9.5 Concluding Notes
		References
Correction to: Riverbank Erosion in the Bengal Delta
Glossary
Index