Risky Decision Making in Psychological Disorders

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Risky Decision Making in Psychological Disorders
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Contents
Acknowledgments
I: The assessment of risky decision making
1 An introduction to risky decision making
	Decision making, risk, and uncertainty
		Risky decision making
		Dual-process models
		The somatic marker hypothesis and the neuroscience of risk
	Risk-taking behavior
	Introduction to the remaining chapters
2 Measurement methods
	Risky decision making measures
		Adult Decision making Competence
		Angling risk task
		Balloon analogue risk task
		Blackjack task
		Bomb risk elicitation task
		Cambridge (Rogers) gambling task
		Card-guessing task
		Chicken game
		Choice dilemmas questionnaire
		Columbia card task
		Cups task
		Delay and probability discounting tasks
		Devils task/knife switches
		Dynamic experiments for estimating preferences (DEEP)
		Framing spinner task
		Game of dice task
		Iowa gambling task
		Mirror drawing risk-taking task
		Multioutcome risky decision task
		Nonsymbolic economic decision making task
		Probabilistic gambling task
		Reyna and ellis risk task
		Risk propensity task
		Risky gains task
		Sequential investment task
		Stoplight game
		Two-outcome risky decision task
		Wheel of fortune task
	Risk propensity and risk attitude measures
		Cognitive appraisal of risky events
		Decision styles scale
		Dohmen scale
		Domain-specific risk-taking scale
		Evaluation of risk scale
		Everyday risk inventory
		General decision making style
		General risk propensity scale
		Passive risk-taking scale
		Risk propensity scale
		Risk-taking propensity
		Stimulating-instrumental risk inventory
	Demographic factors in test performance
		Age
		Sex
	Modeling decision making on behavioral tasks
3 Reliability and validity
	Reliability
		Test–retest
		Parallel or multiple forms
		Intermethod
		Internal consistency
		Split-half reliability
		Reliability conclusion
	Validity
		Validity conclusion
	Factors affecting reliability and validity
	Conclusion
4 Neuroscience and associations with other executive functions
	Executive functions: theories and constructs
		Assessing executive functions
	Impairments in executive functions
	Is decision making an executive function?
	Correlations between measures of decision making and executive functions
	Neuroscience of decision making
	What neuroimaging teaches us about decision making processes
	Conclusion
II: Risky decision making across psychological disorders
Preface to section II: Organization of the remaining chapters
5 Anxiety: state-dependent stress, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive–compul...
	The current literature: generalized anxiety
		Risk-taking behavior
		Delay discounting and risky decision making
	The current literature: social anxiety
		Risk-taking behavior
		Delay discounting and risky decision making
	The current literature: posttraumatic stress disorder
		Risk-taking behavior
		Delay discounting and risky decision making
	The current literature: obsessive–compulsive disorder
		Risk-taking behavior
		Delay discounting and risky decision making
	The current literature: trait anxiety and other nondiagnosable types of anxiety
	The current literature: state-dependent stress
	Performance on other executive function tasks
	Neuroimaging
		Generalized anxiety disorder
		Social anxiety
		Posttraumatic stress disorder
		Obsessive–compulsive disorder
		Acute stress
	Potential mechanisms
		State-dependent fluctuations in anxiety
		Overall executive dysfunction
		Cautiousness and indecisiveness
		Effects of impulsivity versus behavioral inhibition
		Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback
	Conclusion and future directions
		Participant-related factors
6 Disruptions of mood: positive and negative affect, depressive disorders, and bipolar disorders
	The current literature: risk-taking behaviors
		Depressive symptoms and disorders
		Mania, hypomania, and the bipolar disorders
		The influence of suicidal ideation and behaviors
	The current literature: risky decision making
		Depressive symptoms and disorders
		Mania, hypomania, and the bipolar disorders
		The influence of suicidal ideation and behaviors
		Conclusion
	The current literature: delay discounting, and reward responsiveness
		Depressive symptoms and disorders
		Mania, hypomania, and the bipolar disorders
		The influence of suicidal ideation and behaviors
	Performance on other executive function tasks
	Neuroimaging
	Potential mechanisms
		State-dependent mood
		Overall executive dysfunction
		Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback
		Behavioral activation system hyperactivity in bipolar disorder
		Participant-related factors
	Conclusion and future directions
7 Disordered eating behaviors: anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, and obesity
	The current literature: risk-taking behaviors
	The current literature: risky decision making
		Anorexia nervosa
		Bulimia nervosa
		Obesity
		Binge-eating disorder
		Disordered eating behaviors
		Comparisons between eating disorder diagnostic groups
	The current literature: delay discounting and reward responsiveness
	Performance on other executive function tasks
	Neuroimaging
	Potential mechanisms
		Overall executive dysfunction
		Comorbidity
		Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback
		Impulsivity
	Conclusion and future directions
8 Sleep deprivation and sleep-related disorders
	The current literature: risk-taking behaviors
		Conclusion
	The current literature: risky decision making
		Iowa Gambling Task
		Balloon Analogue Risk Task
		Other tasks
		Summary
	The current literature: delay discounting and reward responsiveness
	Performance on other executive function tasks
	Neuroimaging
	Potential mechanisms
		Overall executive dysfunction
		Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback
	Conclusion and future directions
		Participant-related factors
9 Impulsivity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
	The current literature: risk-taking behaviors
	The current literature: risky decision making
		Balloon Analogue Risk Task
		Cambridge Gamble Task
		Game of Dice Task
		Iowa Gambling Task
		Other risky decision making tasks
		Summary
	The current literature: delay discounting and reward responsiveness
		Delay discounting
		Reward responsiveness
	What factors could be affecting risky decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
		The influence of medication
		Comorbid diagnoses
		Impulsivity as a personality characteristic
		Demographic factors
		The influence of retrospective self-report, effort, and potential malingering
	Performance on other executive function tasks
		Performance on other tasks when decision making was impaired
		Performance on other tasks when decision making was not impaired
	Neuroimaging
	Potential mechanisms
		Overall executive dysfunction
		Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback
	Conclusions and future directions
		Type of decision making task and comparison to other executive tasks
		Participant-related factors
10 Addictive behaviors: gambling and substances of abuse
	Pathological gambling
		Delay discounting
		Risky decision making
		Neuroimaging
		Relationship with other executive functions
		Theories
			Impulsivity
			Difficulties with learning from reward or loss and perception of risks
			Urge to gamble and craving behaviors
			Gambling problem severity and type
			State and participant variables
			Comorbid diagnoses
		Treatment implications
	Other behavioral addictions
	Alcohol use disorder
		Risky decision making
		Delay discounting and reward responsiveness
		Neuroimaging
	Nicotine or tobacco use disorder
		Risky decision making
		Delay discounting and reward responsiveness
		Neuroimaging
	Cannabis use disorder
		Risky decision making
		Delay discounting and reward responsiveness
		Neuroimaging
	Opioid-related disorders
		Risky decision making
		Delay discounting and reward responsiveness
		Neuroimaging
	Stimulant use disorders
		Risky decision making
		Delay discounting and reward responsiveness
		Neuroimaging
	Ecstasy or MDMA use
	Theories of risky decision making across substances of dependence
		Impaired executive functions
		Altered processing of risks and rewards and difficulties learning from feedback
		Impulsivity
		Substance use expectancies, satiation, and cue-induced craving
		Comorbidities and polysubstance use
	Treatment implications
	Conclusions
11 Schizophrenia and delusional disorders
	The current literature: risk-taking behaviors
	The current literature: risky decision making
		Balloon Analogue Risk Task
		Game of Dice Task
		Iowa Gambling Task
		Other risky decision making tasks
		Summary
	The current literature: delay discounting and reward responsiveness
	What factors could be affecting risky decision making in schizophrenia spectrum disorders?
		The influence of medication
		Current symptoms
		Other diagnostic considerations
		Control group
	Performance on other executive function tasks
	Neuroimaging
	Potential mechanisms
		Deficit in learning from feedback
		Deficit in assessing the magnitude of rewards/losses and reward responsiveness
		Deficit in rewards guiding learning
		Deficit in planning for the future
	Conclusions and future directions
		Delusion proneness and levels of schizophrenia spectrum disorder symptoms
		A focus on the development of normative data
12 Conclusions and future directions
	Etiologies of risky decision making across disorders
		Impaired executive functions
		Type/System I versus Type/System II decision making
		Reward pathway activation or deficiency
		Focus on immediate versus long-term outcomes
		“State” versus “trait” factors
		Impaired feedback processing
	Current issues affecting understanding of risky decision making in psychological disorders
		Characteristics of the patient participants
		Characteristics of the control participants
		Characteristics of the risky decision making tasks
		The influence of comorbidities
		The influence of treatment
	Treatment implications
	Future directions for the field
		Assessment of ecological validity and task reliability
		Development of parallel versions of tasks
		Examination of multiple measures in the same study
		Which came first: risky decision making or the psychological disorder
		Cognitive modeling techniques
References
Index
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