Risks of Hazardous Wastes

Risks of Hazardous Wastes......Page 3
Copyright......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 8
The Environmental Protection Agency’s Regulatory Definition......Page 9
Characteristic Hazardous Waste......Page 10
Excluded Hazardous Waste......Page 11
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Amendments......Page 12
Superfund Legislation......Page 13
Nuclear Waste......Page 15
Medical Waste......Page 16
References......Page 17
Federal Criteria for Regulation of Waste Generators......Page 19
National Biennial RCRA Hazardous Waste Reports......Page 21
The Chemical Industry......Page 23
The Dow Chemical Company, Plaquemine Facility, Plaquemine, Louisiana......Page 24
Solutia Inc. and Alvin, Texas......Page 25
The Department of Defense as a Major Contributor......Page 26
The Department of Energy......Page 27
References......Page 28
The Dow Chemical Company......Page 31
Superfund Sites......Page 32
Agent Orange Liabilities......Page 33
Chlorpyrifos......Page 34
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company......Page 35
Tetraethyl Lead......Page 36
Other Recent DuPont Transgressions: Teflon, Dioxins, and Safety Violations......Page 39
Monsanto Company......Page 40
Monsanto’s Toxic PCB Legacy at Sauget, Illinois......Page 41
Monsanto’s (Solutia Inc.) Plant at Anniston, Alabama......Page 42
Chemical Industry Hazardous Wastes......Page 50
References......Page 51
Range and Scope of Military Hazardous Waste......Page 57
Hazardous Waste from Domestic Manufacturing and Bases......Page 58
History and Scope of Marine Munitions Disposal by the US Military......Page 59
The Effects of Dumping: Past Harms and Future Threats......Page 60
Improper Disposal of Hazardous Waste in US Military Operations Abroad......Page 62
References......Page 63
Overview......Page 65
Emissions......Page 66
Waste......Page 67
Refinery Workers Studies......Page 68
The Baton Rouge Refinery: Cancer Alley......Page 69
Oil Fields Across America and Damage Done......Page 70
The Santa Barbara Oil Spill of 1969......Page 71
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill......Page 72
The Event......Page 73
The Damage......Page 74
The Incident......Page 75
Oil Dispersants......Page 76
References......Page 77
Overview......Page 81
Emissions......Page 82
Acid Deposition......Page 83
Mercury......Page 84
Violation of the Clean Air Act (CAA)......Page 85
Current Efforts......Page 86
References......Page 87
Introduction......Page 91
Cokemaking......Page 92
Ironmaking......Page 93
Steelmaking......Page 94
Wastewater......Page 95
EPA NESHAP Standard......Page 96
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)......Page 97
Pollution and Emissions......Page 99
Alternatives to Conventional Technology......Page 100
References......Page 101
Overview......Page 103
Overview of Select Chemicals......Page 104
Case Study – Koppers Tie Treating Facility, Somerville, TX......Page 107
Hazardous Waste Mitigation – Best Management Practices and Technologies in the Wood Preservation Industry......Page 108
References......Page 109
Overview......Page 111
Chemicals Emitted in the Pulp and Paper Industry......Page 112
Overview of Select Chemicals......Page 113
Associated Hazardous Waste Laws and Regulations......Page 115
Case Study – International Paper Facility, Prattville, AL......Page 116
Hazardous Waste Mitigation – General Guidance on Pollution Prevention (P2) and Cleaner Production in the Pulp and Paper Ind.........Page 117
References......Page 121
Introduction......Page 122
Radioactive Elements......Page 124
High-Level Waste......Page 125
Our Nuclear Burden......Page 126
How Nuclear Waste is Stored Today......Page 127
Human Health Hazard......Page 128
Rocky Flats Plant......Page 129
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant......Page 130
The Hanford Site......Page 131
References......Page 132
Pesticides......Page 135
Current Regulatory Framework......Page 136
DDT......Page 137
Agent Orange......Page 138
Endosulfan......Page 139
DBCP Worker Case Studies......Page 140
Farm Worker Children......Page 141
Protecting Worker Safety......Page 142
Atrazine......Page 143
Health Effects of Atrazine......Page 144
Syngenta and the Atrazine Monitoring Program......Page 145
Alachlor......Page 147
Metolachlor......Page 148
Health Effects of Metolachlor......Page 149
Health Effects of TCP......Page 150
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)......Page 151
Removal Technologies......Page 152
References......Page 153
Introduction......Page 163
Underground Injection......Page 164
Problems with Underground Injection......Page 165
Incineration......Page 166
Land Disposal......Page 167
Love Canal......Page 168
Waste Piles......Page 169
Hazardous Waste Landfills......Page 170
Liners and Leaks......Page 171
Human Health Effects of Land Disposal......Page 172
Respiratory Diseases......Page 173
References......Page 174
Overview......Page 177
Union Carbide in Bhopal, India......Page 178
Types of Waste and Toxic Trade......Page 179
Ag-waste and POPs......Page 180
International Law, Regional Agreements, and Compliance......Page 181
Basel Ban Amendment......Page 182
The Loophole: Recycling, Repair, and Reassembly......Page 183
Background of E-Waste Exports......Page 185
Hazards of E-Waste Exports......Page 186
India’s ‘Digital Dump’......Page 187
Recommendations and Conclusion......Page 188
References......Page 190
Exposure Pathways......Page 193
Soil, Water, Air, and Biota – Media......Page 194
Inhalation, Ingestion, and Dermal Absorption......Page 195
Dermal Absorption......Page 196
Point-of-Contact and Biological Monitoring......Page 197
Exposure Scenarios......Page 198
Toxicity Assessment......Page 200
RfDo......Page 201
IUR......Page 202
Uncertainties in Risk Assessment......Page 203
References......Page 207
Bioaccumulation of Dioxins, PCBs, and PAHs......Page 209
Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration, and Biomagnification......Page 210
Overview......Page 211
Health Effects......Page 212
Overview......Page 213
Health Effects......Page 214
Overview......Page 215
Health Effects......Page 216
Bioaccumulation of POPs......Page 217
References......Page 218
Overview of Chemicals of Emerging Concern......Page 223
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products......Page 225
Fire Retardants......Page 226
Odor as a Potential Health Issue......Page 227
Future Research......Page 228
References......Page 229
Mercury, BPA, and Pesticides in Food......Page 231
Occurrence in Food......Page 232
Toxicity and Health Effects......Page 233
Regulating Mercury Exposure......Page 234
Limiting Mercury Exposure in the Diet......Page 235
Toxicity and Health Effects......Page 236
Monitoring and Surveillance......Page 237
Exposure and Health Risks......Page 239
References......Page 240
What Makes Children Vulnerable......Page 245
Breastfeeding and Transfer of Organochlorine Compounds......Page 246
The Effects of Air Pollution on Children’s Respiratory Health......Page 247
Childhood Cancers and the Link to Environmental Toxins......Page 248
References......Page 249
Medicare Secondary Payer Act......Page 253
Introduction to the Lawsuit......Page 254
Current Status of the Case......Page 255
References......Page 256
Occupational Safety and Health Administration......Page 257
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health......Page 259
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry......Page 261
Environmental Protection Agency......Page 262
EPA Sector Notebooks......Page 263
References......Page 264
Outdated OSHA Values are not Safe......Page 265
Overview of the EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System......Page 266
The Government Accountability Office’s Issues with the EPA’s IRIS (GAO, 2008)......Page 267
Superfund Liability and Determination of Probable Responsible Parties......Page 269
Problems with the Toxic Substances Control Act......Page 270
‘Sham Recycling’ and Problems with the RCRA’s Definition of Solid Waste......Page 272
References......Page 274
Reduction and Recycling......Page 277
Source Reduction......Page 278
Recycling......Page 280
New Treatment Technologies......Page 281
Purpose and Principles......Page 283
Problems with the Toxic Substance Control Act of 1976......Page 284
Change is Brewing in the United States: EPA Transparency and Proposed Legislation......Page 286
Fortifying the Validity of Green Chemistry – Market Drivers and the Economic Impacts......Page 287
The Effect on Consumers......Page 288
Conclusion: Green Chemistry is Necessary......Page 289
References......Page 290
Appendix A: OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)\r......Page 293
Appendix B: OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) Time-Weighted Averages......Page 305
Appendix C: OSHA Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Values\r......Page 307
Appendix D: NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits (REL)\r......Page 315
Appendix E: NIOSH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Values\r......Page 339
Appendix F: ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV)......Page 349
Appendix G: ACGIH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Values......Page 363
Appendix H: ATSDR Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) December 2006......Page 373
Appendix I: WHO Air Quality Guidelines......Page 387
Appendix J: EPA Regional Screening Levels (RSLs)......Page 389
Appendix K: Toxicity and Chemical-Specific Information......Page 415
Appendix L:Industry Chemical Matrix......Page 441
Index......Page 449