Risk Factors for Peri-implant Diseases

Acknowledgments
Contents
Prevalence and Etiology for Peri-implant Diseases
	Introduction
	Prevalence of Peri-implant Mucositis and Peri-implantitis
	Risk Factors/Indicators for Peri-implant Diseases
		Poor Oral Hygiene/History of Periodontitis/Lack of Compliance with Regular Maintenance Therapy
		Smoking
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Materials and Surface Characteristics of Implant Components [29–32]
		Design of Implant-Supported Prostheses
		Keratinized Mucosa
		Excess Cement
		Genetic Factors
		Occlusal Overload
	Pathogenesis of Peri-implant Diseases
	Structure and Composition of Periodontium and Peri-implant Tissue
	Conclusion
	References
Polymicrobial Peri-Implant Infection
	Polymicrobial Infection and the Human Oral Cavity as a Space for Microbial Colonization
	Bacteriological History of Periodontitis
	Bacteriological History of Peri-Implant Infection
	An Example of Investigating Bacterial Interaction at Peri-Implantitis Sites
	Future Perspectives of Polymicrobial Peri-Implant Infection
	References
Microbiological Factors of Peri-Implantitis: Methodologies for Biofilm Analysis
	Section 1: Detection Methods
		Conventional Methods
		Microscopy
		Culture-Dependent Methods
	Molecular Methods
		Close-Ended Methods
			PCR
				Real Time-PCR (Quantitative PCR—qPCR)
				Nested PCR
				Multiplex PCR
				Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)
			Hybridization Approaches
				The Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization
				Fluorescent In-situ Hybridizations (FISH)
		Open-Ended Methods (Microbiome Strategies)
			Targeted Microbiome Strategies
				16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
				Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequencing
			Technologies Used for 16S rRNA Gene Surveys in Peri-Implantitis
				Sanger Sequencing (Chain Terminating Sequencing)
				Pyrosequencing
				Illumina
	Section 2: Functional Methods
		Shotgun Metagenomics
		Metatranscriptomics
		Metaproteomics
		Metabolomics
	Conclusion
	References
Microbiological Factors of Peri-Implantitis: Characteristics and Significance
	Introduction
	Healthy Implants vs Healthy Natural Teeth
	Peri-Implant Mucositis vs Gingivitis
	Periodontitis vs Peri-Implantitis
	Disease Progression in Dental Implants
	Microbiological Factors Related to Dental Implant Structure
		Peri-Implant Sulcus
		Implant Abutment Connection and Interface
		Dental Implant Surface
	Summary
	References
Association of Periodontitis and Biologic Implant Complications
	Introduction
	Associations Between Periodontitis and Peri-Implant Disease
		Indirect Assessments: Implant Survival, Implant Success, and Marginal Bone Loss
		Direct Assessment: History of Periodontitis and Peri-Implantitis
	How Does Periodontitis Increase Risk of Biological Implant Complication?
		Periodontitis and Peri-Implantitis: Common Microflora?
		Periodontitis and Peri-Implantitis: Host Inflammatory Driven
	Periodontitis and Peri-Implantitis: Role of Common Etiologic Factors
	Conclusion
	References
Diabetes as a Systemic Factor for Peri-implantitis
	Assessment of Glycemic Control
	Hyperglycemia as a Relative Contraindication to Dental Implant Therapy
	Elevated Glycemic Levels Delay Implant Integration: Early Complications
	A Role for Diabetes in Peri-implantitis: Late complications
	Summary
	References
Diabetes and Smoking as the Potential Risk Factors for Peri-implant Diseases
	Diabetes
		Introduction
		Systemic Effects of Uncontrolled A1C Levels
		Local Effects of Uncontrolled A1C Levels on the Peri-implant Tissues
			Implant Survival
			Osseointegration
			Peri-implantitis
	Tobacco/Smoking
		Introduction
		Tobacco Product Types
		Systemic Effects of Tobacco Smoke
		Local Effects of Tobacco and Cannabis on the Peri-Implant Tissues
			Implant Survival
			Osseointegration
			Peri-Implant Diseases
	Management Strategies for Systemic and Environmental Risk Variables
	References
Significance of Keratinized Mucosa and Implant Health
	Introduction
	Soft Tissue Structure Around Dental Implants
	Significance of KM on Clinical Outcomes
	Effect of Soft Tissue Grafting Procedures on Peri-Implant Tissue Health
	Future Direction
	Conclusion
	References
The Impact of Implant Surface Characteristic and Genetics on Peri-implant Diseases
	Introduction
	Dental Implant Surface Quality
	Topographic Properties
	Peri-implantitis and Implant Surface Quality and Modification
		Animal Studies
		Human Clinical Studies
	The Influence of Genetics on the Development of Peri-implant Diseases
		Animal Models
		Human Studies
			Interleukins
		IL-1
		IL-6/IL-10
		Other Cytokines
	References
Additional Risk Factors for Peri-implant Diseases
	Oral Hygiene
		Experimental Peri-implant Disease Study
		Animal Studies on Peri-implant Diseases
		Clinical Study
	Occlusion
		Animal Studies on Peri-implant Disease
		Clinical Study
	References