Rice Improvement in the Genomics Era

Cover Page......Page 1
Rice Improvement in the Genomics Era......Page 3
ISBN 9781560229520......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
ABOUT THE EDITOR......Page 11
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
Foreword......Page 15
Preface......Page 17
ROAD TO RICE GENOME SEQUENCING......Page 20
HISTORY OF IRGSP......Page 22
IRGSP SEQUENCING STRATEGY......Page 23
SEQUENCE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 25
APPLICATION TO RICE RESEARCH......Page 28
APPLICATION TO CEREAL RESEARCH......Page 29
PERSPECTIVES......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 31
INTRODUCTION......Page 34
THE RICE MICROARRAY SYSTEM......Page 35
KINDS OF KNOWLEDGE ACCUMULATED......Page 36
UVB and Gamma Irradiation......Page 37
Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Promoting Seedling Growth and Pathogen Tolerance......Page 38
Chilling Tolerance at the Booting Stage Using Near-Isogenic Lines in Rice......Page 39
Cool-Temperature Stress During Rice Pollen Formation......Page 40
Responses of Rice Roots to Moderately Low Temperatures......Page 41
Silicon Nutrition-Regulated Gene Expression......Page 42
Responsiveness to N-Acetylchitooligosaccharide (Oligochitin) Elicitor Treatment......Page 44
Blast Infection......Page 45
Response to Probenazole, a Chemical Inducer of Disease Resistance......Page 46
Brassinolide-Enhanced Genes in Rice Seedlings......Page 48
Screening of Gibberellin/Brassinosteroid-Responsive Genes in Rice Seedlings......Page 49
Profiles of Genes Expressed in a Rice Virescent Mutant......Page 50
Cell Cycle-Regulated Genes of Suspension-Cultured Rice Cells......Page 51
Overexpression of the Cyclin B Gene......Page 52
Starch Biosynthesis......Page 53
Sink-Source Transition in Rice Leaf Sheaths......Page 55
Studies on Grain Filling......Page 56
Anther- and Pistil-Specific Genes......Page 57
Iron Deficiency Stress in Barley......Page 58
Gene Expression Regulated by Cold Acclimatization in Wheat......Page 60
Post-Anthesis in Wheat......Page 61
Crown Rust Resistance in Italian Ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum Lam.)......Page 62
Apomixis in Guineagrass......Page 63
Isolation of Reproductive Organ-Specific Genes from Lotus japonicus......Page 65
Genes Expressed During Sexual Reproductive Organ Development in Ipomoea trifida......Page 66
Pathogen Infection in Apple (Malus X domestica Borkh.)......Page 67
Fruit Development in Citrus Plants......Page 68
NOTES......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 71
INTRODUCTION......Page 78
ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL RICE BREEDING......Page 79
LINKAGE MAPS AND MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION......Page 81
FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS......Page 83
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 86
INTRODUCTION......Page 90
IN VITRO SELECTION......Page 93
CULTURE CONDITIONS......Page 99
Preculture Conditions......Page 100
Media Additives and Gelling Agents......Page 101
PHENOTYPIC SELECTION......Page 102
MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION OF DIHAPLOIDS......Page 103
DIHAPLOIDS IN GENOMICS......Page 104
SALT TOLERANT LINES DEVELOPED THROUGH ANTHER CULTURE OF F1S......Page 107
USE OF ANTHER CULTURE IN TRANSGENICS......Page 108
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 111
INTRODUCTION......Page 124
EXTENT AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HETEROSIS......Page 125
DEVELOPING AND COMMERCIALIZING RICE HYBRIDS IN CHINA AND ELSEWHERE......Page 127
Cytoplasmic-Genetic Male Sterility System......Page 129
Cytoplasm Diversification......Page 130
Fertility Restoration......Page 131
Environmental Genetic Male Sterility System......Page 133
Genetics of EGMS Traits......Page 135
HYBRID RICE SEED PRODUCTION......Page 137
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR HYBRID RICE BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION......Page 138
Exploitation of Inter-Subspecific Diversity......Page 141
Pyramiding Yield Genes from Wild Rices Using Molecular Markers......Page 142
Use of the C4 Gene......Page 143
CURRENT APPROACHES FOR GRAIN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN HYBRID RICE......Page 144
FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 147
INTRODUCTION......Page 158
CROP PROTECTION STRATEGIES: PROS AND CONS......Page 159
Diversity and Classification of Crystal Proteins......Page 163
Crystal Structure......Page 165
Mechanism of Action......Page 167
Pore Formation: The Role of Domain I......Page 170
Receptor Binding and Toxicity Stabilization: Possible Role of Domain III......Page 171
Is Bt Hazardous to Human Beings, Other Mammals, and Nontarget Pests?......Page 172
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR Bt TRANSGENICS......Page 173
Promoters Used in Developing Transgenic Bt Crops......Page 174
Selectable Marker Genes Used in Bt Crops......Page 175
Field Trials and Commercialization of Transgenic Bt Crops......Page 176
Development of Transgenic Bt Rice......Page 177
Integration and Expression of Single or Fusion Cry Genes with Different Promoters......Page 178
Functional Efficacy of Bt Protein......Page 179
Isolation of Selectable Marker-Free Transgenics (MFT) and Development of Bt Hybrid Rice......Page 180
Developmental and Promoter-Dependent Variation in Bt Protein Expression......Page 181
CONCERNS ABOUT INTRODUCING Bt CROPS IN THE FIELD AND MARKET......Page 182
CONCLUSION......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
INTRODUCTION......Page 198
Resistance Genes......Page 199
Pathogenesis-Related Proteins......Page 200
DISEASE RESISTANCE IN RICE......Page 202
Fungal Resistance in Rice......Page 203
Sheath Blight Disease Resistance......Page 204
Rice Blast Disease Resistance......Page 205
Bacterial Disease Resistance in Rice......Page 206
Virus Disease Resistance in Rice......Page 209
Rice Tungro Virus......Page 210
Regulatory Gene......Page 211
Antimicrobial Peptides......Page 212
GTP-Binding Protein......Page 213
Genomic Approach to Rice Disease Resistance......Page 214
CONCLUSIONS......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
INTRODUCTION......Page 226
RICE Pi-Ta GENE......Page 228
Pi-ta is a Putative Cytoplasmic Receptor......Page 230
Natural Variation at the Pi-ta Locus......Page 232
Pi-ta Is Effective in Preventing Blast Disease in the USA......Page 233
Dominant and Codominant Markers for Molecular Breeding......Page 234
Transgenic Strategies Using the Pi-ta Gene......Page 235
Relationship Between Pi-ta and Pi-ta2......Page 236
AVR-Pita is a Putative Zinc Metalloprotease......Page 239
AVR-Pita Acts Inside the Host Cell......Page 240
AVR-Pita Protein Binds to the Pi-ta Protein......Page 241
Allelic Variation of AVR-Pita Alleles......Page 242
AVR-Pita’s Dual Role in Rice Blast Biology......Page 243
Localized Blast Inoculation Method......Page 245
A Model of Pi-ta-Mediated Resistance......Page 248
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 249
REFERENCES......Page 250
WORLDWIDE IMPACT OF ABIOTIC STRESSES IN RICE CULTIVATION......Page 256
Flooding Stress......Page 259
Salinity Stress......Page 260
High Temperature Stress......Page 261
MOLECULAR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ABIOTIC STRESSES......Page 262
DEVELOPMENT OF ABIOTIC STRESS-TOLERANT TRANSGENIC RICE......Page 263
Drought and Salinity Stresses......Page 266
Flooding Stress......Page 269
Low Temperature Stress......Page 270
GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS OF ABIOTIC STRESSES IN RICE......Page 271
RESEARCH GAPS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 276
INTRODUCTION......Page 288
Cooking and Sensory Quality......Page 289
Genetic Basis and Gene Regulation......Page 290
Environmental Effects......Page 292
Genetic Markers Associated with the Wx Gene......Page 293
Genetic Marker-Assisted Breeding......Page 294
Transgenic Engineering of the Wx Gene......Page 296
GELATINIZATION TEMPERATURE......Page 297
STARCH PASTING VISCOSITY......Page 301
COOKING PROPERTIES......Page 303
Aroma......Page 304
Elongation......Page 305
Kernel Hardness......Page 306
Appearance......Page 307
MILLING QUALITY......Page 308
Protein Content......Page 309
Lysine Content......Page 310
beta-Carotene Content......Page 311
Iron Content......Page 312
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 315
INTRODUCTION......Page 326
RICE GENOME AND NUTRITION PROFILE......Page 327
Nutrition Profile in Rice......Page 329
Rice Protein......Page 334
Carotenoid Profile in Rice......Page 335
TRANSGENIC APPROACH TO IMPROVE CAROTENOIDS IN RICE......Page 336
EVALUATION OF IRON IN RICE GERMPLASM......Page 340
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSGENIC HIGH-IRON RICE......Page 344
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF FERRITIN PROTEIN AND beta-CAROTENE IN RICE SEEDS......Page 345
EVALUATION OF GOLDEN RICE AND HIGH-IRON RICE UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS......Page 347
BIOAVAILABILITY OF PLANT-BASED CAROTENOIDS AND IRON......Page 348
IRON AND ZINC BIOAVAILABILITY AND THE ROLE OF PHYTIC ACID......Page 350
IMPROVEMENT OF LYSINE AND OTHER NUTRIENTS......Page 351
REFERENCES......Page 352
INTRODUCTION......Page 358
SELECTION OF PROMOTERS AND PLANT TRANSFORMATION......Page 360
INHERITANCE AND STABILITY OF EXPRESSION......Page 361
N-TERMINAL AMINO ACID SEQUENCE AND SURFACE CHARGES......Page 365
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY......Page 366
pH TREATMENT......Page 369
NUTRIENT VALUE......Page 370
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HIGH EXPRESSION LEVEL......Page 372
UTILIZATION OF RECOMBINANT LYS AND LF......Page 373
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 375
RELEVANCE OF THE GENOMIC ERA: AN INTRODUCTION......Page 380
NODULATION AND LEGUMES......Page 381
AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE OF SYMBIOSIS......Page 383
DISCUSSION: THE CONTEXT OF RICE......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 388
INTRODUCTION: CHALLENGES AHEAD......Page 394
Food-Based Approach to Nutrition Security......Page 404
Food Access......Page 405
Transient Hunger......Page 406
Defending the Gains Already Achieved......Page 407
Making New Gains......Page 408
Precision Farming......Page 409
Small-Farm Management......Page 410
Pulses and Oilseeds in Rice Farming Systems......Page 411
Water Management......Page 412
Integrated Plant Health Management......Page 413
Energy Management......Page 415
RESEARCH STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIES......Page 416
Sustainable Use......Page 417
Integrated Efforts in Feeding and Breeding Rice for High Productivity......Page 418
Increase the Ability of the Rice System to Fix Its Own Nitrogen......Page 419
Overcoming Hidden Hunger Caused by Micronutrient Deficiencies......Page 420
Breeding for Nutritional Quality......Page 422
Molecular Maps......Page 424
Isolation and Characterization of Salt-Tolerant Genes......Page 425
Greenhouse Gases......Page 426
CONCLUSIONS......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 429
INTRODUCTION......Page 436
PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF TRANSGENIC CROPS......Page 438
Donor and History......Page 442
Levels of Consumption......Page 443
DNA Safety......Page 444
Characterization of Introduced Products......Page 447
Toxicology of Inserted Proteins......Page 448
Allergenicity Assessment......Page 449
Composition, Nutrition, and Efficacy......Page 452
Whole Food Testing and Animal Studies......Page 455
Understanding Unintended Effects......Page 457
Safety Issues for Transgenic Rice......Page 459
Virus-Resistant Rice......Page 460
Nutritionally Enhanced Rice......Page 461
Prospects for Mycotoxin Reduction in Rice......Page 462
CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF TRANSGENIC CROPS AND FOODS: THE WAY FORWARD......Page 464
REFERENCES......Page 467
Color Plates......Page 475