Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration

bk-1985-0281_cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Half Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
ACS Symposium Series......Page 6
FOREWORD......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 8
1 Materials Science of Reverse-Osmosis-Ultrafiltration Membranes......Page 9
Analysis of Casting Solution Structure and the Origin of Bimodal Pore Size Distribution......Page 10
Experimental Detection of Bimodal Distributions......Page 16
Control of the Pore Size Distribution......Page 18
Experimental Evidences of Bimodal Pore Size Distribution and Its Significance for Membrane Separation and Fractionation Processes......Page 21
Nomenclature......Page 23
Literature Cited......Page 25
2 Development of Polyether Sulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes......Page 28
Results and Discussion......Page 29
Conclusion......Page 37
Literature Cited......Page 40
3 Nature of Dynamically Formed Ultrafiltration Membranes......Page 41
Rejections of various solutes......Page 42
Effect of pH on natures of ovalbumin membranes......Page 45
Development of Dynaceram module......Page 47
Conclusion......Page 49
Literature Cited......Page 52
Polyblend Membranes......Page 53
Ion Exclusion Models......Page 54
Results and Discussion......Page 56
Literature Cited......Page 61
5 Structure, Permeability, and Separation Characteristics of Porous Alumina Membranes......Page 63
Membrane Preparation......Page 64
Structure of γ-Al2O3 Membranes......Page 67
The Permeability for Pure Liquids......Page 69
Ultrafiltration and Hyperfiltration Experiments......Page 70
Application of Ceramic Membranes for Gas and Liquid Separation Purpose......Page 72
Literature Cited......Page 73
Experimental......Page 75
Results and Discussion......Page 77
Literature Cited......Page 87
7 γ-Ray Induced Enhancement Effect on Salt Rejection Properties of Irradiated Membranes......Page 89
Experimental Procedures......Page 90
Gamma-ray Irradiation of SPPO-PS Thin Film Composite Membrane......Page 91
Results and Discussion......Page 92
Conclusions......Page 98
Literature Cited......Page 103
The Special Feature of the PEC-1000 Membrane......Page 105
Element Configuration and Its Flow Pattern in PEC-1000 Spiral Wound Membrane Element......Page 106
Structural Material of the PEC-1000 Membrane Element......Page 108
Plant Performance of the PEC-1000 Membrane Element......Page 114
Literature Cited......Page 117
9 Analysis of Transport in a Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Process......Page 118
Preliminary Assumptions and Definitions......Page 119
General Transport Considerations......Page 120
Solute Transport......Page 122
Solvent Transport......Page 123
Comparison with the Analysis of Transport Through a Finely Porous Membrane......Page 124
Nomenclature......Page 126
Literature Cited......Page 128
10 Physicochemical Interpretation of the Behavior of a Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Process......Page 129
Theory......Page 130
Experimental Procedures......Page 132
Correlation of Experimental Data......Page 136
Discussion......Page 137
Conclusions......Page 140
Nomenclature......Page 141
Literature Cited......Page 142
11 Effects of Hydrolysis on Cellulose Acetate Reverse-Osmosis Transport Coefficients......Page 144
Membrane Transport Equations......Page 145
Determination of Transport Parameters......Page 146
Experimental......Page 147
Results......Page 148
Discussion......Page 150
Conclusions......Page 153
Literature Cited......Page 154
12 Application of a Multicomponent Membrane Transport Model to Reverse-Osmosis Separation Processes......Page 155
Theoretical Transport Model......Page 156
Experimental......Page 159
Results and Discussion......Page 161
Superscripts......Page 166
Literature Cited......Page 167
A General Approach......Page 168
Theoretical Analysis and Discussion......Page 169
Mathematical Analysis......Page 171
Conclusion......Page 177
Nomenclature......Page 183
Literature Cited......Page 185
14 Solute Separation and Transport Characteristics Through Polyether Composite (PEC)-1000 Reverse-Osmosis Membranes......Page 187
Test Results......Page 188
Discussion......Page 193
Literature Cited......Page 198
15 Hydrodynamic Properties of the Skin and the Bulk of Asymmetric Reverse-Osmosis Membranes......Page 200
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION......Page 201
Literature Cited......Page 207
16 Limiting Flux in the Ultrafiltration of Macromolecular Solutions......Page 208
THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 209
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 214
CONCLUSION......Page 217
Literature Cited......Page 221
17 Mineral Ultrafiltration Membranes in Industry......Page 223
The Carbosep Ultrafiltration Process......Page 224
Industrial Applications......Page 225
Conclusion......Page 228
18 Membrane Bioreactors for High-Performance Fermentations......Page 229
Ethanol Fermentation......Page 231
Other Fermentations......Page 236
Hollow Fiber Fermentor......Page 239
Conclusions......Page 241
Literature Cited......Page 242
19 Single-Stage Seawater Desalting with Thin-Film Composite Membrane Elements......Page 244
Materials and Methods......Page 245
Results......Page 248
Discussion......Page 254
Nomenclature......Page 256
Literature Cited......Page 257
20 Production of Boiler-Feed Quality Water from Bitumen-Heavy Oil-Oil-in-Water Emulsions by Ultrafiltration......Page 258
Experimental......Page 259
Results and Discussion......Page 262
Literature Cited......Page 269
A Case History......Page 270
Pilot Plant Results......Page 271
Design of the Plant......Page 273
Operating History......Page 276
Literature Cited......Page 278
22 Concentration and Recovery of є-Caprolactam from the Process Waste Stream......Page 279
Basic RO Performance of PEC-1000 Membrane......Page 280
Background of RO Plant Planning for є-Caprolactam Concentration......Page 281
Preliminary Result and Discussion......Page 283
RO Plant Operation......Page 288
Conclusions......Page 290
Literature Cited......Page 292
23 Development of Sanitary Design Reverse-Osmosis Systems for the Pharmaceutical Industry......Page 293
Pharmaceutical RO System Design......Page 294
Component Design......Page 298
RO Cartridge and System Evaluation......Page 300
Pretreatment......Page 303
Discussion......Page 307
Literature Cited......Page 308
24 Ultrafiltrative Solute Rejection Behavior of Black Liquor......Page 309
Model UP 110/0......Page 311
Results and Discussion......Page 312
Acknowledgments......Page 318
Literature Cited......Page 319
Crossflow Membrane Filtration......Page 320
Crossflow Membrane Polymers......Page 321
Membrane Element Configurations......Page 325
Crossflow Membrane Filtration Applications in the Juice Industry......Page 327
Cost Savings, Payback Period Case Study......Page 334
General Application Development Procedures......Page 335
Literature Cited......Page 339
26 A Mechanistic Study of Halogen Interaction with Polyamide Reverse-Osmosis Membranes......Page 340
Results and Discussion......Page 341
Acknowledgments......Page 352
Literature Cited......Page 353
27 Characteristics of Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Fouling at the Yuma Desalting Test Facility......Page 354
The Yuma Desalting Plant and RO Proof Tests......Page 355
RO Feed Water Quality and Pretreatment......Page 357
Membrane Sediment Characteristics......Page 358
Clean Water Test......Page 361
Foulant Component Study......Page 362
Discussion......Page 368
Conclusions......Page 374
Acknowledgments......Page 376
Literature Cited......Page 377
28 Particulate Membrane Fouling and Recent Developments in Fluid Mechanics of Dilute Suspensions......Page 378
Theory......Page 379
Results and Discussion......Page 383
Nomenclature......Page 393
Acknowledgments......Page 394
Literature Cited......Page 395
29 Reverse-Osmosis and Ultrafiltration Membrane Compaction and Fouling Studies Using Ultrafiltration Pretreatment......Page 397
Discussion......Page 398
Procedure......Page 402
Summary......Page 404
Literature Cited......Page 408
30 Determination of Gel Volume Deposited on Ultrafiltration Membranes......Page 409
The Hypothesis......Page 410
Procedure......Page 414
Results and Discussion......Page 415
Conclusion......Page 418
Appendix......Page 420
Literature Cited......Page 421
31 Pretreatment, Fouling, and Cleaning in the Membrane Processing of Industrial Effluents......Page 422
Assessment of Membrane Flux Performance......Page 423
Hyperfiltration Treatment of Industrial Effluents......Page 424
Acknowledgments......Page 429
Literature Cited......Page 430
32 Gas Permeability of Polypeptide Membranes......Page 431
Experimental......Page 432
Results and Discussion......Page 433
Literature Cited......Page 441
33 Solvent-Exchange Drying of Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Separation of Hydrogen-Methane Gas Mixtures......Page 443
Gas Transport Through Porous Reverse Osmosis Membranes......Page 444
Experimental......Page 446
Results and Discussion......Page 447
Nomenclature......Page 457
Literature Cited......Page 458
Application in the Chemical Process Industry......Page 459
Process Design......Page 460
Processes and Economics......Page 462
Literature Cited......Page 469
35 Dehydration of Alcohol-Water Mixtures Through Composite Membranes by Pervaporation......Page 471
Experimental......Page 472
Results and Discussion......Page 473
Conclusion......Page 481
Literature Cited......Page 482
Author Index......Page 483
B......Page 484
C......Page 485
D......Page 486
F......Page 487
H......Page 488
L......Page 489
M......Page 490
P......Page 491
R......Page 494
S......Page 495
T......Page 496
W......Page 497
Z......Page 498