Restitutionary Rights to Share in Damages: Carers' Claims

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
TABLE OF CASES......Page 10
1 Introduction......Page 25
The right to participate in the fund......Page 26
The right to force litigation against the wrongdoer......Page 27
Solutions and structure of this book......Page 28
The right to participate in the fund......Page 29
The nature of the right to participate......Page 31
Conclusion......Page 32
PART I......Page 35
England......Page 37
Accounting for the carer’s intervention......Page 39
Needs of the victim......Page 40
Compensate the carer......Page 41
Carer also the tortfeasor......Page 42
Canada......Page 43
Accounting for the carer’s intervention......Page 44
Australia......Page 46
Carer’s participation in the fund......Page 48
Structural paradoxes......Page 50
Conclusion......Page 51
The cases......Page 53
Contract......Page 54
Non-contractual promises......Page 56
Supporting the victim’s claim against the wrongdoer......Page 57
Current position–no obligation to pay is required......Page 58
Past position–an obligation to pay is required......Page 59
Donnelly v. Joyce......Page 62
Cunningham v. Harrison......Page 64
Silence about the carer’s entitlement......Page 65
No breach of the promise to pay......Page 66
Contract......Page 68
Restitution for wrongs......Page 69
Conclusion......Page 70
4 The carer’s claim in unjust enrichment......Page 71
The victim is enriched......Page 72
Capacity to consent to the carer’s intervention......Page 73
Tests of enrichment......Page 77
Objective test of enrichment......Page 78
Consent-based tests of enrichment......Page 79
Subjective tests of enrichment......Page 87
Provision of services......Page 89
Compensate the carer......Page 90
Needs of the victim......Page 91
What is the consequence of these different approaches?......Page 93
Expenses incurred by the carer......Page 95
Unjust factors......Page 96
Non-voluntary transfer......Page 97
Failure of basis......Page 98
Absence of basis......Page 100
Utility of the non-voluntary transfer unjust factors......Page 102
Policy justifications for the carer’s right to participate......Page 103
Conclusion......Page 111
Necessity as an unjust factor......Page 112
Emergency generating necessity......Page 115
Impossible or impractical for the carer to obtain instructions......Page 119
The claimant must be anappropriate person to intervene......Page 121
Payment of the victim’s debts......Page 122
Utility of necessity as an unjust factor......Page 123
Conclusion......Page 124
Outline of the defence......Page 125
Application to the victim and carer cases......Page 128
Incapacity......Page 130
Minors......Page 131
Claim in negotiorum gestio......Page 132
Conclusion......Page 134
A possible claim in negligence?......Page 135
Physical injury to the person......Page 136
Physical injury suffered by the victim......Page 137
Remaining possibilities for the carer......Page 139
Duty of care......Page 140
The decision......Page 141
Expanded interpretation of Hedley Byrne......Page 142
Conclusion......Page 148
Novel claim in negligence......Page 149
Foreseeability of damage......Page 151
Proximity between the parties......Page 152
Fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care......Page 156
Australia......Page 160
Negligent acts or omissions......Page 161
Recovery by the carer......Page 163
Canadian National Railway Co v. Norsk Pacific teamship Co......Page 165
Recovery by the carer......Page 168
Conclusion......Page 169
PART II......Page 171
6 Direct claims: the problem remains unsolved......Page 173
The carer’s right to participate is apparently contingent......Page 175
Claim in contract......Page 178
Claim in unjust enrichment......Page 179
No right to compel the victim to sue......Page 180
Conclusion......Page 181
7 Insurance subrogation analogy......Page 183
Analogy between the carer and the indemnity insurer......Page 185
The insurer......Page 187
The victim and carer cases......Page 192
The obligations of PL are not discharged......Page 193
S has a contingent right to share in RH’s damages......Page 196
S can compel RH to sue PL......Page 200
Juridical foundation of the subrogand’s rights......Page 201
Right to control litigation......Page 203
Unjust enrichment analysis......Page 204
Victim and carer cases......Page 207
Unjust enrichment analysis......Page 209
Conclusion......Page 212
8 The policy against accumulation......Page 215
Outline of the policy against accumulation......Page 216
Only PL is obligated to transfer value to RH......Page 217
Payment of debts......Page 218
Tort victims and carers......Page 219
Passing on a tax burden......Page 224
Indemnity insurance......Page 227
More than one tortfeasor......Page 230
The exceptional position in which accumulation is permitted......Page 231
Gifts......Page 232
Application of the policy against accumulation as an unjust factor......Page 233
The victim and carer cases......Page 234
The elements of the unjust factor are not established......Page 237
The carer’s entitlement is not visible at the moment of the victim’s receipt......Page 238
The indemnity insurance cases......Page 242
At the time the insured’s cause of action accrues......Page 243
Conclusion......Page 245
The future role of the policy against accumulation......Page 246
Dimond v. Lovell......Page 247
Roxborough v. Rothmans of Pall Mall Australia Limited......Page 249
Conclusion......Page 252
PART III......Page 255
9 The proprietary claim......Page 257
Mechanisms implementing the carer’s right to participate......Page 266
Unjust enrichment generated proprietary rights......Page 270
The policy against accumulation......Page 275
At the time RH wins damages......Page 277
Victim and carer......Page 278
Insured and indemnity insurer......Page 281
At the time RH’s cause of action accrues......Page 284
Proprietary base......Page 285
Tracing......Page 288
Maintenance and champerty......Page 289
Conclusion......Page 293
10 Conclusion......Page 295
The right to participate in the fund......Page 296
The nature of the right to participate......Page 298
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 300
INDEX......Page 308