Responding to rising seas : OECD country approaches to tackling coastal risks.

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Glossary
Acronyms and abbreviations
Executive summary
Chapter 1.  Rising risks in coastal zones
	1.1. Evolution of risks in coastal zones
		1.1.1. Climate change and sea-level rise
		1.1.2. Evidence of the reduced resilience of ecosystems, and the link with human activity
	1.2. The economic cost of sea-level rise
	1.3. Robust coastal adaptation to 21st century sea-level rise
	1.4. Implications for future research and policy
	Note
	References
Chapter 2.  The challenge of coastal adaptation
	2.1. Balancing competing priorities in the context of rising risk
	2.2. Strategies to manage rising coastal risks
		2.2.1. Protect
		2.2.2. Accommodate
		2.2.3. Avoidance and planned retreat
	2.3. The political economy of coastal adaptation decisions
	2.4. The alignment of incentives, capacity and roles in the coastal zone
		2.4.1. Funding of protection
		2.4.2. Financial liability for damage
		2.4.3. Authority for planning decisions
		2.4.4. Benefits of living near the coast
	2.5. Impact of institutional arrangements on future adaptation responses
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3.  Emerging approaches to coastal adaptation
	3.1. The role of national governments in coastal adaptation
	3.2. Information provision
		3.2.1. Climate projections and risk information
		3.2.2. Communicating climate risk information
	3.3. Incorporating sea-level rise into regulatory and economic instruments
		3.3.1. Mainstreaming sea-level rise risks in land-use decisions
		3.3.2. Integrating sea-level rise margins into infrastructure standards  and building codes
		3.3.3. Integrated coastal zone management
		3.3.4. Economic instruments
	3.4. Dedicated national funding
	3.5. Establishing monitoring and evaluation frameworks
	3.6. Elements of effective coastal adaptation policy regimes
	Notes
	References
Chapter 4.  Aligning coastal risk decision making and funding responsibilities on the German Baltic Sea coast
	4.1. Overview
		4.1.1. Current flood risk exposure, historical damages and trends
		4.1.2. Measures in place in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein
	4.2. Coastal protection responsibilities
		4.2.1. Centralised federal state decision making
		4.2.2. State and regional dikes
		4.2.3. State and local responsibilities for coastal erosion
	4.3. Coastal risk-reduction financing arrangements
		4.3.1. State and regional dike funding
		4.3.2. Federal funding instruments for coastal protection and adaptation
		4.3.3. Local funding instruments
			Strengths and weakness of current arrangements
		4.3.4. Federal state co-ordination and flexibility to address sea-level rise  and uncertainty
		4.3.5. Local barriers to adaptation to sea-level rise
	4.4. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5.  Coastal infrastructure realignment and salt marsh restoration in Nova Scotia, Canada
	5.1. Context
	5.2. Nova Scotia: A coastal jurisdiction
	5.3. Truro case study: The North Onslow Marsh
	5.4. Policy context for management of sea-level rise in Nova Scotia
		5.4.1. Climate adaptation
		5.4.2. Coastal protection
			Dikelands
			Wetlands
			Flood risk management
	5.5. Dike realignment and salt marsh restoration at North Onslow
		5.5.1. Governance
		5.5.2. Consultation
		5.5.3. Design
		5.5.4. Implementation
	5.6. Outcomes and lessons learnt
	References
Chapter 6.  Clifton to Tangoio Coastal Hazards Strategy 2120,  Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand
	6.1. Overview
		6.1.1. Current central government initiatives
	6.2. Clifton to Tangoio Coastal Hazards Strategy 2120, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand
		6.2.1. Stage 1: Defining the issue
		6.2.2. Stage 2: Framework for decisions
		6.2.3. Stage 3: Develop responses
			Panel structure
			Panel process
			Decision-making tools
			Multi-criteria decision analysis
			Dynamic adaptive planning pathways
			Cultural values assessment and hīkoi (tour of the area)
			Social impact assessment and valuation
			Real options analysis
			Community feedback sessions
	6.3. Outcomes achieved to date
	6.4. Lessons learnt
	6.5. Challenges ahead
	Reference
Chapter 7.  “Rollback” in North Norfolk, United Kingdom
	7.1. Institutional arrangements for coastal flooding and erosion risk
	7.2. North Norfolk and Happisburgh
		7.2.1. The area and the Shoreline Management Plan
		7.2.2. Shoreline Management Plan recommendations for Happisburgh
	7.3. The local adaptation response
	7.4. Beach Road project: Overview
	7.5. Cost-benefit analyses and assessment of trade-offs
		7.5.1. Notes on other NNDC schemes
			Happisburgh – Manor Caravan Park
			Trimingham Village Hall
			Trimingham – Residential properties
	7.6. Lessons learnt and conclusions
	Notes
	References
		Annex A. National adaptation plans
Annex A. National adaptation plans