Resilient and Sustainable Cities: Research, Policy and Practice

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RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
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Contents
Contributors
1 -
The ‘15-minute city’ concept: sustainability, resilience, and inclusivity
	1 - Coworking and the 15-Minute City
		1. Working in the 15-Minute City: the commuting time issue
			1.1 Theoretical perspectives
			1.2 Empirical data: the commuting time in Paris
		2. Coworking: the development of a new way of working
			2.1 Theoretical perspectives
			2.2 Empirical data: the development of coworking spaces in Paris
		3. The new urban functions of coworking: third place and amenity
			3.1 Coworking as a third place
			3.2 Coworking as an amenity
		4. The location of coworking spaces: a spatial network
			4.1 Theoretical perspectives
			4.2 Empirical data
		5. Conclusion
		References
	2 - The theoretical grid. An antifragile strategy for Rome post-COVID mobility
		1. Introduction. Context, methodology, and goals of the research
		2. Urban form and mobility models. An integrated approach in the post-COVID era
			2.1 Urban forms, ways of living, and mobility models
			2.2 Urban mobility and pandemic
			2.3 Postpandemic urban scenarios: sustainability, resilience, and antifragility
		3. Mobility post-COVID emergency planning in great European cities. Experiences and strategies
			3.1 For a polycentric, compact, and complex city. The case of Barcelona
			3.2 For an inclusive, vital, and integrated city. The case of Milan
			3.3 For a sustainable, intermodal, connected city. The case of Bologna
		4. The theoretical grid. Guidelines and experimentation
			4.1 A “grammar” for the reorganization of urban mobility: the theoretical grid
			4.2 Guidelines for the theoretical grid
			4.3 An experimentation for post-COVID mobility in Rome
		5. Conclusions. Perspectives of the proposed strategy
		6. Author’s contributions
		References
	3 - Measuring the 15-Minute City in Barcelona. A geospatial three-method comparison
		1. Introduction
		2. Materials and methods
			2.1 Study area
			2.2 Methods of measurement of the accessibility to the five FMC\'s urban social functions
				2.2.1 Grid-based method
			2.3 Building-based method
			2.4 Mobility-based method
		3. Results
			3.1 Grid-based method
			3.2 Mobility-based method
		4. Discussion
			4.1 Differences between FMC potential assessments
			4.2 FMC potential methods versus measuring FMC through daily travel times
		5. Conclusions
		6. Appendix
			6.1 Appendix A
		Acknowledgements
		References
	4 - The Paris urban plan review : an opportunity to put the 15-Minute City concept into the perspective of the Pari ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Materials and method
			2.1 Studied corpus
				2.1.1 The 15-Minute City concept\'s notions (Corpus 1)
				2.1.2 The online platform idee.paris (Corpus 2)
			2.2 Thematic indicators
			2.3 Frequency tables
				2.3.1 Results and discussion
			2.4 Convergences between the concept of the 15-Minute City concept and urban issues for respondents
			2.5 Divergences between the 15-Minute City concept and respondents\' expectations
			2.6 Convergences and divergences identification between the 15-Minute City concept and respondents\' expectations complicated by ...
		3. Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
	5 - Exploring the relationship of time keeping and urban morphology within the economic renaissance and the postmod ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Time keeping and economic growth
		3. Modernism, the industrial revolution and the car
		4. The challenge of car dependent cities
		5. The contemporary urban state, criticisms, and future directions
		References
	6 - Enter the 15-minute city: revisiting the smart city concept under a proximity based planning lens
		1. Introduction
		2. On the smart city and its impact on the societal fabric
		3. Proximity-based urban Philosophies and its regenerative potential
		4. Chrono-urbanism under a technological blanket
		5. The 15-minute city; aka the smart city 2.0
		References
	7 - On proximity-based dimensions and urban planning: historical precepts to the 15-minute city
		1. Introduction
		2. On proximity based planning
			2.1 Christopher Alexander and the principles of life and wholeness
			2.2 Nikos Salingaros′ compact city
		3. Leon Krier’s city within a city
		4. On the evolution of cities and the application of technology
		5. The 15-minute city as an evolutive process: discussions and conclusion
		References
		Further reading
	8 - Financing the 15-minute city concept and its infrastructural ecosystem in developing nations through fiscal mec ...
		1. Introduction
		2. The 15-minute city and notable benefits
		3. Traditional financing of urban infrastructure and the challenge for developing economies
		4. Modern monetary theory and its inaplicability to developing nations
		5. Fiscally accelerating infrastructural development
		References
	9 - Redefining investable infrastructure in developing nations in a postpandemic era: the case of the 15-Minute City
		1. Introduction
		2. Urban economic policy in the post pandemic era
		3. Infrastructure investment structuring in developing nations
		4. The need to refedine “investable infrastructure”
		5. Toward a model for quantifying indirect economic benefits for investable infrastructure
		References
		Further reading
2 -
Cities, technology, and sustainability
	10 - Smarter cities, smarter planning: an exploration into the role of planners within the smart city movement
		1. Introduction
		2. Literature review
			2.1 Planning and ICTs
			2.2 The smart city
				2.2.1 The smart city concept
				2.2.2 Criticisms of smart cities
				2.2.3 Smart cities and urban planning
		3. Methodology
		4. Results and discussion
			4.1 To what extent do planners see it as their role to adopt smarter and digitalized technologies and how do they rationalize ( ...
				4.1.1 Uses of technology with planning
				4.1.2 Uses of advanced technologies
				4.1.3 Role of urban planners in the smart city
				4.1.4 Collaboration
			4.2 How do current planning policies that are in place promote smartness and digitalization and what scope is there for effecti ...
				4.2.1 Current policy
				4.2.2 Infrastructure
				4.2.3 Digital policy formulation
				4.2.4 Smarter planning
			4.3 What are the main barriers to the integration of smarter technologies within the planning system?
				4.3.1 Resources
					4.3.1.1 Cost
					4.3.1.2 Training
				4.3.2 Age
				4.3.3 Usefulness
				4.3.4 Security and data management
				4.3.5 Uncertainty and lack of confidence
				4.3.6 The digital divide
		5. Conclusions
		References
	11 - A smart territory, the key to resilient territory
		1. Introduction
		2. Smartization of territories
			2.1 Smart territory concept exploration
			2.2 Digital infrastructure for smartness
			2.3 Digital services acting to smart territories
		3. Resilience concept
			3.1 Resilience: global concept and attributes
			3.2 Resilience: a temporal dynamic
			3.3 Resilience applied to smart territories
		4. Smart territory towards resilient territory
			4.1 Proposition of a conceptual and operational framework for resilience
			4.2 Application of a conceptual and operational framework for resilience on the Smart Village of Cozzano
		5. Conclusion
		References
	12 - Re-assessing urban sustainability in the digital age: a new SWOT methodology for cities
		1. Introduction
		2. Cities and parameters
			2.1 Parameters selected
				2.1.1 Population density
				2.1.2 Percentage waste to landfill
				2.1.3 Energy consumed per person per capita
				2.1.4 Water demand per person per capita
				2.1.5 Carbon emissions per person per capita
				2.1.6 Percentage of population using public transport
				2.1.7 Happiness index
				2.1.8 Homicide index
				2.1.9 Life expectancy
				2.1.10 AQI-PM 2.5 concentration
				2.1.11 GDP
				2.1.12 Forest area
				2.1.13 Renewable electricity output
			2.2 Comparison of cities on selected parameters
		3. SWOT analysis
			3.1 London
				3.1.1 Life expectancy
				3.1.2 AQI
					3.1.2.1 Strategies and actions proposed
				3.1.3 Energy: electricity
					3.1.3.1 Strategies and actions proposed
				3.1.4 Public transport
					3.1.4.1 Strategies and actions proposed
				3.1.5 Water demand
					3.1.5.1 Strategies and actions proposed
				3.1.6 Landfill
					3.1.6.1 Strategies and actions proposed
				3.1.7 Miscellaneous factors
					3.1.7.1 COVID-19
			3.2 New Delhi
				3.2.1 Life expectancy
					3.2.1.1 Strategies and action proposed
				3.2.2 Energy: electricity
					3.2.2.1 Strategies and action proposed
				3.2.3 Water demand
					3.2.3.1 Water quality in Delhi
					3.2.3.2 Strategies and action proposed
				3.2.4 Public transport
					3.2.4.1 Strategies and action proposed
				3.2.5 Landfill
					3.2.5.1 Strategies and action proposed
				3.2.6 Happiness index
					3.2.6.1 Strategies and action proposed
		4. SWOT methodology for cities
			4.1 Key areas of intervention
				4.1.1 Vision
				4.1.2 Goals
				4.1.3 Action plan
				4.1.4 Shareholder feedback
				4.1.5 Sustainability strategy
				4.1.6 Supply chain—impact assessment
				4.1.7 Communication
				4.1.8 Transparency
				4.1.9 Antidiscrimination
				4.1.10 Work–life balance
		5. Adaptation and application
		6. Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
	13 - Charrette! An urgent response toward resilient and sustainable cities and landscapes
		1. Crisis and the charrette
			1.1 Background
			1.2 Introducing charrettes
		2. Aims
		3. Method
		4. Findings/results
			4.1 Preliminary review of scholarly literature
			4.2 Identifying projects
			4.3 Overview of specific projects gathered from literature review
		5. Discussion
			5.1 Charrettes remain popular
			5.2 Charrettes are participatory and iterative
			5.3 Charrettes offer a range of diverse visualization and illustrative outcomes
		6. Can charrettes deliver on their promise of designing for sustainable and resilient cities and landscapes?
			6.1 Charrette types: an expanding definition
			6.2 Charrettes: knowledge into action
			6.3 Creation of resilient and sustainable cities and landscapes
			6.4 Importance of charrette education
		7. Limitations and further research directions
			7.1 Implementation
		8. Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	14 - Developing a composite indicator for evaluating urban sustainability
		1. Introduction
		2. Approach and methodology
		3. Results
			3.1 First-level screening: global overview
			3.2 Second-level screening: Chinese perspective
		4. Conclusion
		References
	15 - Scrutinizing sustainable mobility strategies in integrated urban development: perspectives from Copenhagen and ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Literature review
			2.1 Planning for integrated urban development
			2.2 The sustainable urban mobility paradigm
			2.3 Transit-oriented development as an urban planning strategy
		3. Research design and methods
			3.1 Case studies
				3.1.1 Copenhagen
				3.1.2 Curitiba
				3.1.3 Brief case studies discussion
			3.2 Research methods
				3.2.1 Strategic documents analysis | descriptive coding
				3.2.2 Expert interviews | values and versus coding
		4. Data analysis and results
			4.1 Copenhagen
			4.2 Curitiba
		5. Discussions
			5.1 Sustainable urban mobility discourses
			5.2 SUM at the core of integrated urban development
		6. Conclusion
		References
3 -
Culture, liveability, and identity
	16 - For a close and livable public space: four proposals in Barcelona
		1. Introduction
		2. Four proposals in Barcelona
			2.1 The “Civic axes for stitching neighborhoods” for Meridiana Avenue
			2.2 Network of neighborhood centralities” for the Poblenou-22@ school network
			2.3 “Urban strip to make neighborhoods” for Perú-Paraguay street
			2.4 “Climate shelter school urban network strategy” Integrated urban microclimatic management for Barcelona.
		3. Conclusions
		Bibliography
	17 - Will future smart cities be liveable?
		1. Introduction
		2. Quality of life issues in smart cities
			2.1 Background and methodology
			2.2 Between excessive projects and concrete achievements
			2.3 Is there a French model for smart cities?
		3. A disappointing record in terms of the good life
			3.1 Unevenly overcoming challenges
			3.2 The ethics of data
			3.3 The dangers of mass surveillance
			3.4 Service to users versus service to the system?
		4. Learning cities and smart cities: towards an hybrid model?
			4.1 From “smart citizens” to “learning cities”
			4.2 Clermont-Ferrand, a learning city
			4.3 Towards a coexistence of models to improve the quality of life?
		5. Conclusion
		References
	18 - Third places as catalysts of resilience
		1. Introduction
		2. Third places: evolution, characteristics, and overview
			2.1 Third places: “hybrid” places?
			2.2 Coworking, living labs, makerspaces, fablabs, and hackerspaces
			2.3 Third places: inventory in France
		3. Third places, hybridities, and resilience capacities
			3.1 Third places in practice in a territory: some examples from the Yvelines
			3.2 Third places, possible catalyst of resilience
			3.3 Is the resilience of third places determined by their original project?
		4. Conclusion
		References
	19 - Health impact assessment: an innovative approach for 15-minute cities
		1. Introduction
		2. The 15-minute city model and health
		3. Health impact assessment
			3.1 HIA steps
			3.2 HIA types
			3.3 HIA approaches
		4. How can HIAs help make the 15-minute city vision become a reality?
		5. The challenges ahead
		6. HIAs and practical way forward for 15-minute cities
		7. Conclusion
		References
4 - Climate change and resilient cities
	20 - The influence of climate change on the design strategies of the built environment: the heterogeneous climate o ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Materials and method
			2.1 Italian regions
			2.2 Climate zoning in Italy
			2.3 Climate data generation
				2.3.1 Meteonorm
				2.3.2 ClimateConsultant
			2.4 Generic design strategies
		3. Conclusion
		References
	21 - The next level up is down: exploring the subsurface for our common future
		1. Introduction
		2. Historical approaches to using underground spaces
		3. Value of underground spaces
		4. Investing in underground spaces
			4.1 Ideas for investing in underground space
				4.1.1 Creation of an underground city
				4.1.2 Public objects in the underground landscape
				4.1.3 Underground networks
				4.1.4 Underground space as an innovation testing facility
				4.1.5 Food production
				4.1.6 Subterranean park
			4.2 A model for sustainable underground development
		5. Key challenges and barriers
			5.1 Spatial planning and policies
			5.2 Governance and legal challenges
		6. Conclusion
		References
	22 - A collective of resilient organizations together to build a resilient city: issues and perspectives
		1. Introduction
		2. Collectively resilient organizations: issues of absorption, renewal, and appropriation in the face of multiple challenges…
		3. Becoming collectively learning organizations: multiple challenges
		4. Conclusion
		References
	23 - City wild: how making space for nature might help achieve the sustainable and resilient city
		1. Crisis
			1.1 Environmental collapse remote and lose to home
			1.2 A reframing of “nature”
			1.3 City planning, identity, and perceptions
			1.4 Memory of wildness
		2. Time to go wild?
			2.1 Building understanding and questioning aesthetics
			2.2 Making space and finding opportunity
			2.3 Communication and visualization
		3. The future city
			3.1 The potential of embracing wild
			3.2 System thinking not masterplans toward the creation of wildness
			3.3 The creation of experiences over aesthetics
		4. Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	24 - Predictive modeling for reforestation of cities to mitigate climate change impacts
		1. Introduction
		2. Materials and method
			2.1 Study area
			2.2 Reforestation scenarios
			2.3 Land surface temperature
			2.4 Carbon absorption
		3. Results
		4. Discussion
			4.1 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	25 - Neighborhood\'s scale resilience facing heatwave events. Metropolitan area of Mendoza—Argentina as an study case
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Overview of key climate impacts in urban areas
			1.2 On the way to achieve resilient urban areas
		2. Materials and method
			2.1 Neighborhood selection process
			2.2 Microclimatic data campaign
				2.2.1 Heatwave event simulation
			2.3 Outdoor cooling strategies for achieve a heatwave resilience neighborhood
				2.3.1 CFD simulation and scenarios configuration
				2.3.2 Data validation
		3. Results
			3.1 Outdoor cooling strategies performance
			3.2 Urban planning recommendations for heatwave resilience
		4. Conclusion
		References
	26 - A GIS-based tool for planning resilient climate cities
		1. Introduction
		2. Literature review
		3. Methodology
			3.1 Definition of the Coastal Resilience Index
			3.2 Definition of Urban Coastal Units
			3.3 Definition of classes of urban adaptation actions
		4. Case study: implementation of a GIS-based tool for the eastern neighborhood of Naples
			4.1 Selection of the study area and collection of the relative data
			4.2 Application of the GIS-based tool
		5. Results and discussion
			5.1 Coastal Resilience Index
			5.2 Urban Coastal Units
			5.3 Urban adaptation actions
		6. Conclusions
		References
	27 - Citizens and local administration in climate change mitigation. Urban strategies and local actions applicable  ...
		1. Introduction
			1.1 The response to climate change from the neighborhood scale
				1.1.1 The role of cities in European policies
				1.1.2 Citizens at the core of urban policy
		2. The environment and sustainability legal framework in the European context
			2.1 Legislative background
			2.2 The areas of the Green Deal and its impact at neighborhood level
				2.2.1 Clean energy: decarbonizing the energy sector
				2.2.2 Building and renovating: a cleaner construction sector
				2.2.3 Sustainable mobility: more sustainable means of transport
				2.2.4 Biodiversity: protecting our fragile ecosystem
				2.2.5 Zero pollution: reducing pollution quickly and efficiently
		3. Case study. People-centric projects
			3.1 Model project ecosystem. Justifying choice of the models. Case study fact sheet
				3.1.1 Case selection criteria
				3.1.2 Content of the assessment sheets. Systematization of the information
			3.2 Analysis of the role-operator relationship per project and dimension
			3.3 Interdimensional analysis and development processes per project
		4. Results
			4.1 Selected activities according to their effectiveness
			4.2 Strategies and actions to be implemented
			4.3 Final design of the message. Guide to implement measures in the cities for climate change mitigation
		5. Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	28 - Re-envisaging cities: biophilic and First Nations strategies from Australia
		1. Introduction
		2. Cities and noncities
		3. Wadawurrung country re-envisaging cities
		4. Values of deep connections to nature—Biophilia
		5. Biophilic cities in the Australian context
		6. Re-envisaging Geelong as a Biophilic City
		7. Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further reading
	29 - Building urban resilience through infrastructure exaptation
		1. Introduction
			1.1 An overview of the outbreak 2020
		2. Understanding urban resilience
		3. Exaptation
			3.1 Exaptation in architecture
		4. National health services enhancement strategy in Mexico
			4.1 From city infrastructure to hospitals
		5. Discussion and conclusion: exaptation of the city a means to counter pandemics
		References
5 -
Urban management and sustainable resource optimization
	30 - Management of city vulnerability to bushfire risk using advanced GIS-based spatial tools
		1. Introduction
		2. Materials and method
			2.1 2021 European continent fire season
			2.2 2021 North America fire season
			2.3 2020–21 Australia fire season
		3. Results
		4. Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	31 - Adaptive reuse of abandoned urban assets for cultural and social innovative development
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Abandoned assets in urban areas as benchmarks of an era of transition
				1.1.1 Consistency of abandonment in Italian cities
			1.2 The demand for urban space
		2. State-of-the-art
			2.1 Regulatory background and good practises
			2.2 A possible classification of reuse processes
		3. Methodology
		4. Case study: application to the Municipality of Naples
			4.1 Mapping abandoned spaces in a GIS environment
			4.2 Context analysis using geo-statistical techniques
				4.2.1 Identification of urban phenomena and metrics selection
				4.2.2 Normalization of metrics
				4.2.3 Aggregation of metrics
				4.2.4 Synthetic indexes classification
				4.2.5 Results
			4.3 The decision support tool: three consultation scenarios
				4.3.1 Scenario 1: social housing
				4.3.2 Scenario 2: student residence
				4.3.3 Scenario 3: location for temporary events promoted by local associations
		5. Conclusive remarks
		References
	32 - Sustainability in public administration: governance and accountability in French metropolitan area
		1. Introduction
		2. The concept of sustainable development, or the quest for the legitimacy of metropolises
			2.1 The quest for the legitimacy of metropolises
			2.2 The search for legitimacy through sustainable development
		3. Tools of overall performance
			3.1 The tools of literature
			3.2 Tools encountered within local authorities
				3.2.1 The sustainability report
				3.2.2 The plan climate air energy territorial
				3.2.3 The agenda 21
				3.2.4 The Cit\'Ergie label
		4. The methodology
			4.1 Data collection and analysis
			4.2 The metropolitan areas surveyed
		5. Results and discussion
			5.1 The tools put forward
				5.1.1 The Linea 21
				5.1.2 Climat-Pratic
				5.1.3 Scovéo
				5.1.4 Visions + 21
			5.2 The use of these tools and the governance of sustainable development projects
		6. Conclusion
		Appendix
			Interview guide
				Sustainable development projects
				Sustainable development management
				Governance and management
		Bibliography
			bksec2_10
			bksec2_11
			bksec2_12
			bksec2_13
			bksec2_14
		Further readings
	33 - Sustainable development in hydro-drought regions by improving hydro-indicators
		1. Introduction
		2. Literature review
			2.1 Arrangement of exploration
			2.2 Factors affecting drought
			2.3 Hydro-geography
			2.4 Hydroclimate
			2.5 Hydrology
			2.6 Hydrogeology
			2.7 Hydro-demography
			2.8 Hydro-economy
			2.9 Hydro-infrastructure
			2.10 Hydro-management
			2.11 Lessons from the theoretical studies
		3. Case studies
			3.1 Hydro-geography of Mirjaveh
			3.2 Hydro-climate of Mirjaveh
			3.3 The annual average water consumption
			3.5 ‏Hydro-geology of Mirjaveh
			3.5 Hydro-demography of Mirjaveh
			3.6 Hydro-economy of Mirjaveh
			3.7 Hydro-infrastructure of Mirjaveh
			3.8 Hydro-management of Mirjaveh
			3.9 The result of case studies
		4. Modeling hydro-drought trend in Mirjaveh
			4.1 Model bases
			4.2 Annual mean rainfall in Mirjaveh
			4.3 Annual mean temperature in Mirjaveh
			4.4 The annual average water consumption in Mirjaveh
			4.5 Results and validation of our model
		5. Findings and discussions
		6. Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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