Researching Values: Methodological Approaches for Understanding Values Work in Organisations and Leadership

Researching Values
	Acknowledgements
	Contents
	List of Figures
	List of Tables
	Notes on Contributors
	1: Researching Values in Organisations and Leadership
		The Complexity of Research on Values
		Key Concepts and Questions in This Book
		Overview of the Chapters in This Book
		Challenges to Future Research Methods
		References
	Part I: Methodological Approaches to Researching Values
	2: Values at Work: Mapping the Field Through the Lens of Methodological Approaches
		Introduction
		Researching Values: A Brief Overview
			Studying Explicit Values Using Quantitative Approaches
			Studying Implicit Values Using Qualitative Approaches
			Studying Explicit and Implicit Values Using Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
			Philosophical Underpinnings for Qualitative and Quantitative Research
		Linking Research Aim with Methodological Choices
		Mixed Methods Research as a Way Forward
			Mixed Methods Values Research
			Challenges Related to Mixed Methods Research
		Conclusion
		References
	3: Definitions as Initial and Final Point of Values Research? Searching for Mysteries in Research Projects About Values in Organisational and Leadership Studies
		Introduction
		A Plea for More Definitions
		How to Define Values?
		Contact Sites for Definitions in Value Research
			The Connection Between Value Definition and Sampling
			Value Definition in Writing Up the Research: The Final Section
		Conclusion
		References
			Websites
	4: Intentionality and Agency in Values Work Research
		Introduction
		Values and Values Work and Their Relation to Intentionality
		Intentionality and Consequence Versus Appropriateness
		Intentionality and Agency
		Values and Values Work and Social Order
		Intentionality, Agency and Their Implications for Qualitative Methods
			Qualitative Interviews
			Participant Observations and Shadowing Observations
		Combining Methods to Capture Different Forms of Agency
		Conclusion
		References
	5: Extending Knowledge, Improving Practice and Refining Values: Research Informed by the Concept of Phronesis
		Introduction
		Phronesis: Unpacking the Concept
		Translating Phronesis into Research Design
			Identifying the Goal
			Designing Research Tools, Data Sampling and Collecting the Data
			Analysis
			Future-Oriented Reflection on Change
		Navigating Challenges
			Resource Intensity (Time, Skills)
			Ambiguities Regarding the Nature of Empirical Data
			Power Asymmetries
			Division of Labour
			Achieving Change
		Conclusion
		References
	6: Dilemmas and Craftsmanship Practices: Strategies for Empirically Uncovering Values and Value Conflicts
		Introduction
		Theoretical Background: Value Pluralism
		Strategy 1: Studying Dilemmas
		Strategy 2: Studying Craftsmanship Practices
		Methodology
			Dilemmas
			Craftsmanship Practices
			The Follow-up Strategy of Q-Methodology
		Coding and Research Heuristic
			How to Analyse Data on Dilemmas
			How to Analyse Data on Craftsmanship Practices
			How to Analyse Data from Q-Methodology
		Examples of Empirical Studies on Value Conflicts
			Procedural Versus Performance Values
			A Municipality and a Hospital
			Values of Academic Teachers
			Values in the Police
			Values in the Prison Sector
		Conclusion
		References
	Part II: Methods for Collecting and Analysing Data
	7: Research Interviews to Investigate and Co-create Values
		Introduction
		Research Interviews and Their Philosophical Underpinnings
		The Role of the Interviewer
		The Process of Inter-Viewing
		Inter-View as a Narrative Inquiry to Research Values
		Co-creating Meaning: Practical Examples from a Research Process
		Practical Considerations in Conveying Research Interviews
		Questions to Identify Values
		Ethical Sensitivity and Interviewing
		When to Use Research Interviews?
		Conclusion
		References
	8: Observation and Shadowing: Two Methods to Research Values and Values Work in Organisations and Leadership
		Introduction
			Observation Methods in Organisation and Leadership Research
			Managerial Work Behaviour
		Observation and Shadowing
			Participant Observation
			Semi-structured Shadowing
		Researching Values in Practices
			Shadowing Supplemented by Interviews and Document Analysis
			Observation and Shadowing
		Contributions and Implications of Observational Methods
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	9: Thematic Analysis: Making Values Emerge from Texts
		Introduction
		Thematic Analysis: A Brief Overview
			Assigning Codes to Data
			From Codes to Themes
			Organizing Themes
		Thematic Analysis of Values
			Coding Explicitly Expressed Values
			Coding Implicit Values
			Coding at the Latent Level
			Generating Themes from Codes
			Visual Representations
		Conclusion
		References
	10: Identifying Values Through Discourse Analysis
		Introduction
		What Is Discourse Analysis?
		Discourse Analysis and Other Analytical Techniques
		Discourse Analysis and Values
		Three Discourse Analysis Approaches
			Structural-Semantic Discourse Analysis
			Critical Discourse Analysis
			Discursive Psychology
			A Text Example
			Discursive Analysis of the Example Text
		Critical Remarks on the Method
		Conclusion
		References
	11: A Narrative Approach to Exploring Values in Organisations
		Introduction
		What Is a Narrative?
		When to Use a Narrative Approach
		Narratives and Values
		Exploring Values Through Narratives
		Narrative Research
		Analysing Narratives Through Three Case Studies
		Conclusion
		References
	12: Researchers’ Role Reflexivity When Studying Values Work
		Introduction
		Theoretical Perspectives
			Scientific Paradigms and Researcher’s Positioning
			Definitions—Roles and Reflexivity
			Values and Role Reflexivity
			Methods and Role Reflexivity
		Role Reflexivity in Values Research
			Phase 1: Claiming and Establishing Roles—Research Interest and Self-presentation
			Phase 2: Performing and Negotiating Roles—Attribution and Preference
			Phase 3: Role Reflexivity and Interpreting
		Conclusion
		References
	13: Participant Validation: A Strategy to Strengthen the Trustworthiness of Your Study and Address Ethical Concerns
		Introduction
		Former Studies on Participant Validation
		Participant Validation in a Study of Cultural Diversity and Inclusion
			Validation of Shadowing Reports
			Validation of Observation in Interviews
			Validation of Preliminary Analysis in Focus Groups
		Participant Validation—Ethical Concerns and Values Work
			Addressing and Generating Ethical Concerns
			Generating New Data
			Participant Validation as a Site and Opportunity for Values Work
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Part III: Researching Values Through Practical Cases
	14: The ‘Telos’ as a Lens That Illuminates Values in Practice
		Introduction
		Theoretical Framing
			Institutional Logics: A Brief Overview
			Values and Institutional Logics
			The ‘Telos’ as a Category
		Capturing Institutional Logics in Action
			Using the ‘Pattern Matching Technique’
			Constructing the Typology of Logics
		Researching Values in Practice
			Identifying Institutional Logics
			Identifying the ‘Telos’
			Using the ‘Telos’ to Identify and Research Values in Practice
		Conclusion
		References
	15: Applying a Qualitative Case Study Approach to Study Values in Public–Private Partnerships
		Introduction: What Is Case Study Research?
		Public Values and New Public Management
		Applying the Multiple Case Study Approach
			The Importance of Context
			Operationalisation of the Central Research Concept
			Considering Context and Case Characteristics
			Data Collection and Respondent Selection
			Data Analysis
		Conclusion
		References
	16: Values-Based Participatory Action Research in Development Ethics
		Introduction
		Participatory Action Research
		Development
		An Ethics of Regards
		Translating Values-Based Participatory Action Research into Research Design
		Discussion: Pros and Cons of Values-Based Participatory Action Research
		Going Beyond Participation to Recognition
		Conclusion
		References
	Index