Research Methods in Africana Studies

Cover
Contents
Preface: Speak to the Posterity
	Tehuti, the “Divine Tongue”
	The Problem
Acknowledgments
Preface to the Second Edition
Chapter by Chapter Summary of Changes
Chapter 1: Africana Studies and the Science of Knowing
	What Is Meant by “Research”?
	Why Learn Research Methods?
	Africana Studies Domain Theory
	Common Ways of Knowing
		Tradition
		Authority
		Common Sense
		News and Media
	Analytical Misjudgments and Roadblocks to Critical Thought
		Overgeneralization
		Selective Observation
		Inaccurate Observations
		Illogical Reasoning
	Mistakes in Racial/Cultural Reasoning
		Transubstantive Error
		Hierarchical Comparative Analysis Problem
		Fallacy of Homogeneity
		Problem Orientation/Solution Deprivation
		Ethnologic Ahistoricism
		Disregarding Social Regularities Reaction
		Self-Censorship: The Dirty Laundry Quandary
	Variables
	Causality
	Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
		Activity 3
		Activity 4
		Activity 5
	Note
Chapter 2: Methodology in Africana Studies Research
	Methodology
	Paradigms
		Inferiority Paradigm
		Cultural Deficit Paradigm
		Cultural Difference Paradigm
		Colonial Paradigm
		Pan-African Paradigm
		Afrocentric Paradigm
		African-Centered Behavioral Change Paradigm
		Black Political Economy Paradigm
		Kawaida Paradigm
		Literary Pan-Africanism
		Sacred Worldview Paradigm
		Worldview Paradigms Analysis
		Positivist Paradigm
		Conflict Paradigm
		Structural Functionalism
		Symbolic Interactionism
	Theory
	Applying Theory to Social Phenomena
		Triple Quandary Theory
		Motivation Theory
		Multiple Intelligence Theory
		Teacher Expectations Theory
		Two Cradle Theory
		African American Family Functioning Model
		African American Male Theory (AAMT)
		African Self-Consciousness Theory
		Africana Critical Theory
		Africana Womanism
		Africanity Model
		African Feminism
		Afrolatinidad
		Agency Reduction Formation Theory
		Anti-Life Forces Model
		Black Consciousness Continuum
		Black Existentialism
		Black Feminist Theory
		Black Queer Theory
		Critical Race Theory
		Eco-Bio-Communitarianism
		Education and Schooling Model
		Extended Self Model
		Holistic/Solutions Framework for Studying African American Families
		Invisibility Syndrome
		Laissez-Faire Model of Racism
		Lens Theory
		Location Theory
		The Multisystems Model
		Nigrescence Theory
		Nosology of African/Black Personality Disorder
		Nzuri Theory
		Phenomenological Variant of the Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST)
		Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome
		Sudarkasa’s Seven R’s Model: Seven Cardinal Values of African Family Life
		Social Systems Approach to the Study of Black Family Life (SSASBFL)
		Site of Resiliency Theory
		Situated-Mediated Identity Theory (SMIT)
		TRIOS Model
		Tripartite Model of Racism
		Virtue Theory
		Womanism
		Womanist Identity Development Model
	An Africana Studies Methodology
		Sustainable Conceptual Development
	Types of Theory: Inductive and Deductive
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
Chapter 3: Ethics in Research
	Values and Research
	The Ethics That Emerged from a Legacy of Abuse
		Informed Consent
		Non-Malfeasance and Beneficence
		Right to Privacy
		Deception
		Quality
		Reporting
	African Americans and Research Ethics
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
Chapter 4: Research Design
	Units of Analysis: The Who and What of Research
	The Purpose of Research
		Exploratory Research
		Descriptive Research
		Explanatory Research
		Evaluative Research
		Predictive Research
	Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Data Collection
	Temporal Order and Research Design
		Cross-Sectional Studies
		Cohort Studies
		Panel Studies
		Trend Study
	Mixed Methods Research
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
Chapter 5: Choosing A Topic, Writing a Question, Reviewing the Literature
	The Intersecting Interests Theory for Research in Africana Studies
	Developing Topics and Questions
		Finding Topics
		Developing Research Questions
	Hypothesis Testing
	Writing a Literature Review
		Functions of the Literature Review
		What’s Known about Your Topic?
		Weaknesses and Gaps in the Literature
		Helps Narrow Your Scope
		Provides Stylistic Models
		Provides Examples of Methods
		Exposure to Different Theoretical Approaches
		Greater Knowledge of Definitions
		Exposure to Connections and Contradictions
		Caution! A Word of Warning to Reviewers of Literature
		What Kind of Literature Do I Review?
		How to Find the Literature
		Maximize Your Reading: How to Carefully Read the Literature
	Organizing a Literature Review
		Final Summary
	Referencing and Citing Sources
	The Structure of a Research Proposal and a Completed Study
		Introduction
		Literature Review
		Methodology
		Works Cited
		Appendices
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
Chapter 6: Measuring Social Reality
	Measuring
	Defining Variables
		Reliability
		Validity
	Reliability, Validity, and Preventing Error
	Levels of Measurement
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
Chapter 7: Sampling Procedures
	The Language of Sampling
	Bias in Sampling
		Coverage Bias
		Non-Response Bias
	Probability Sampling
		Sampling Underrepresented Populations
	Non-Probability Sampling
		Random Digit Dialing
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
Chapter 8: Non-reactive Methods
	Material and Visual Culture
	Physical Evidence
		Limitations of Analyzing Physical Evidence
	Content Analysis
		Coding Manual
		Advantages of Using Content Analysis
		Sampling and Criteria for Inclusion in Content Analysis
		Coding in Content Analysis
		Coding Schedule
		Types of Coding: Manifest and Latent
		Units of Analysis: What to Look for in Analysis of Content
		Significant Actors
		Frequency
		Subjects and Themes
		Dispositions
		Space and Prominence
		Categorizing Themes
		Reporting Themes
		Basic Steps in Content Analysis
		Validity and Reliability in Content Analysis
		Limitations of Content Analysis
		Semiotics
		Compositional Interpretation
	Secondary Analysis
		Advantages of Secondary Analysis
	Statistical Data
		Administrative Data
		Official Statistics
		Published Data Tables
	Historiography
		Archival Research
	Limitations of Secondary Data
		The Problem of Missing Data
		Means of Data Collection and Misleading Conclusions
		The Problem of Reliability in Secondary Analysis
		The Implications of Data Availability
		The Problem of Validity in Secondary Analysis
		The Inductive and Deductive Challenge
		Why Collect Original Data?
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
Chapter 9: Scales and Indexes
	Indicators
		The Importance of Indexes
	Creating a Scale or Index
		Face validity
		Unidimensionality
		Exhaustiveness
		Mutual Exclusivity
		Variance
		Empirical Relationships
	Scaling Formats
		The Likert Scale
		Social Distance Scale
		Guttman Scale
		Thurstone Scale
		Semantic Differential
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
		Activity 3
Chapter 10: Survey Design: Asking Questions
	The Survey Process
		Practical Function of Surveys
		Two Means of Collecting Survey Data
	Constructing Survey Items
		Vignette Questions
	Avoiding Problems in Asking Questions: The Rules of Item Construction
	Self-Administered Questionnaire Design
		Instructions
		Order of Questions
		Questionnaire Format
	Conducting the Self-Administered Questionnaire
		Follow-Up Questionnaires and Letters
		Cover Letter
		Length and Appearance
		Payment
		Diaries
		Advantages of Questionnaires
		Disadvantages of Questionnaires
	Interviews
		Conducting Interviews
			Know the Interview Schedule
			Introducing the Research to the Respondent
			Appearance of the Interviewer
			Wording
			Probing
			Training Interviewers
			Underrepresented Groups in Interviewing
			Ending the Interview
		Telephone Interviews
		Computer-Assisted Interviewing
		Online Surveys
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
		Activity 3
		Activity 4
Chapter 11: Experimental Design
	Classic Experimental Designs
	Threats to Internal Validity
	Matching and Random Selection
	Pre-Experimental Designs
	Quasi-Experimental Designs
	Threats to External Validity
		Strengths and Weaknesses of Experimental Designs
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
		Activity 3
Chapter 12: Qualitative Field Research and Data Analysis
	Qualitative Methods
	Field Research
	Ethnography
	Observation/Participant Observation
		Taking Field Notes
		What to Write About
	Qualitative Interviews
		Analysis of Cultural Documents
		Critical Ethnography
		Visual Ethnography
		Virtual Ethnography
		Autoethnography
	Oral History
	Discourse Analysis
	Conversation Analysis
	Profiling
	Narrative Analysis
	Case Studies
	Focus Groups
		Tips for Being Successful in the Field
		Sampling in Qualitative Research
		Validity and Reliability
		Strengths and Limitations
	Qualitative Data Analysis
		CAQDAS
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
		Activity 3
Chapter 13: Quantitative Data Analysis
	Scales of Measurement for Different Types of Variables
	Coding Quantitative Data
		Descriptive Statistics
	Univariate Analysis
		Types of Distributions
		Measures of Central Tendency
		Measures of Dispersion
		The Normal Distribution
		Percentiles and Percentile Ranks
		Z-Scores
	Bivariate Analysis
		Strength of Association
	Multivariate Analysis
	Inferential Statistics
	Hypothesis Testing
		Additional Statistical Procedures
	Geographic Information Systems
	Key Terms
	Thinking about Science
		Activity 1
		Activity 2
		Activity 3
Glossary
Works Cited
Index