Research methods for the behavioral sciences

Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Ch 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	1.1 Introduction to Research Methodology
	1.2 Methods of Knowing and Acquiring Knowledge
	1.3 The Scientific Method
	1.4 The Research Process
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 2: Research Ideas and Hypotheses
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	2.1 Getting Started
	2.2 Sources of Research Ideas
	2.3 Finding Background Literature: Conducting a Literature Search
	2.4 Finding an Idea for a Research Study from a Published Research Article
	2.5 Using a Research Idea to Form a Hypothesis and Create a Research Study
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 3: Defining and Measuring Variables
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	3.1 An Introduction to Measurement
	3.2 Constructs and Operational Definitions
	3.3 Validity and Reliability of Measurement
	3.4 Scales of Measurement
	3.5 Modalities of Measurement
	3.6 Other Aspects of Measurement
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 4: Ethics in Research
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Ethical Issues and Human Participants in Research
	4.3 Ethical Issues and Nonhuman Subjects in Research
	4.4 Ethical Issues and Scientific Integrity
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 5: Selecting Research Participants
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	5.1 Introduction to Sampling
	5.2 Probability Sampling Methods
	5.3 Nonprobability Sampling Methods
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 6: Research Strategies and Validity
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	6.1 Research Strategies
	6.2 Internal and External Validity
	6.3 Threats to External Validity
	6.4 Threats to Internal Validity
	6.5 More about Internal and External Validity
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 7: The Experimental Research Strategy
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	7.1 Cause-and-Effect Relationships
	7.2 Distinguishing Elements of an Experiment
	7.3 Controlling Extraneous Variables
	7.4 Control Groups and Manipulation Checks
	7.5 Increasing External Validity: Simulation and Field Studies
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 8: Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	8.1 Introduction to Between-Subjects Experiments
	8.2 Individual Differences as Confounding Variables
	8.3 Limiting Confounding by Individual Differences
	8.4 Individual Differences and Variability
	8.5 Other Threats to Internal Validity of Between-Subjects Designs
	8.6 Applications and Statistical Analyses of Between-Subjects Designs
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	9.1 Within-Subjects Experiments and Internal Validity
	9.2 Dealing with Time-Related Threats and Order Effects
	9.3 Comparing Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects Designs
	9.4 Applications and Statistical Analysis of Within-Subjects Designs
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 10: The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	10.1 Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Strategies
	10.2 Between-Subjects Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs: Nonequivalent Group Designs
	10.3 Within-Subjects Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs: Pre-Post Designs
	10.4 Developmental Research Designs
	10.5 Applications, Statistical Analysis, and Terminology for Nonexperimental, Quasi-Experimental and Developmental Designs
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 11: Factorial Designs
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	11.1 Introduction to Factorial Designs
	11.2 Main Effects and Interactions
	11.3 Types of Factorial Designs and Analysis
	11.4 Applications of Factorial Designs
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 12: The Correlational Research Strategy
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	12.1 An Introduction to Correlational Research
	12.2 The Data and Statistical Analysis for Correlational Studies
	12.3 Applications of the Correlational Strategy
	12.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Correlational Research Strategy
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 13: The Descriptive Research Strategy
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	13.1 An Introduction to Descriptive Research
	13.2 The Observational Research Design
	13.3 The Survey Research Design
	13.4 The Case Study Design
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 14: Single-Subject Research Designs
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Phases and Phase Changes
	14.3 The ABAB Reversal Design
	14.4 Multiple-Baseline Designs
	14.5 Other Single-Subject Designs
	14.6 General Strengths and Weaknesses of Single-Subject Designs
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 15: Statistical Evaluation of Data
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	15.1 The Role of Statistics in the Research Process
	15.2 Descriptive Statistics
	15.3 Inferential Statistics
	15.4 Finding the Right Statistics for Your Data
	15.5 Special Statistics for Research
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Ch 16: Writing an APA-Style Research Report
	Learning Objectives
	Chapter Overview
	Chapter Preview
	16.1 The Goal of a Research Report
	16.2 General APA Guidelines for Writing Style and Format
	16.3 The Elements of an APA-Style Research Report
	16.4 Writing a Research Proposal
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Exercises
	Engagement Activities
	Learning Check Answers
Appendices
	Appendix A: Random Number Table and Instruction
	Appendix B: Statistics Demonstrations and Statistical Tables
	Appendix C: Instructions for Using SPSS
	Appendix D: Sample APA-Style Research Report Manuscript for Publication
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index