Research Methods: A Modular Approach, 2nd Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
About The Author......Page 6
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 23
CONTENTS......Page 10
CHAPTER 1 Thinking Like a Scientist......Page 27
Module 1 Science and Psychology......Page 29
Areas of Psychological Research......Page 32
Sources of Knowledge......Page 34
The Scientific (Critical Thinking) Approach and Psychology......Page 38
Basic and Applied Research......Page 41
Goals of Science......Page 42
Module Exercises......Page 43
Web Resources......Page 44
Module 2 An Introduction to Research Methods......Page 45
Descriptive Methods......Page 46
Predictive (Relational) Methods......Page 47
Explanatory Method......Page 48
Doing Science......Page 51
Proof and Disproof......Page 52
Review of Key Terms......Page 53
Module Exercises......Page 54
Web Resources......Page 55
CHAPTER ONE SUMMARY AND REVIEW: THINKING LIKE A SCIENTIST......Page 56
CHAPTER 2 Getting Started......Page 59
Module 3 Research Ideas......Page 61
Library Research......Page 63
Reading a Journal Article: What to Expect......Page 70
Web Resources......Page 71
Module 4 Ethical Research......Page 72
Ethical Standards in Research with Human Participants......Page 73
Ethical Standards in Research with Children......Page 83
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 89
Web Resources......Page 90
CHAPTER TWO SUMMARY AND REVIEW: GETTING STARTED......Page 91
CHAPTER 3 Variables......Page 93
Module 5 Defining, Measuring, and Manipulating Variables......Page 95
Defining Variables......Page 96
Scales of Measurement......Page 97
Types of Measures......Page 100
Summary......Page 103
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 104
Web Resources......Page 105
Module 6 Reliability and Validity......Page 106
Reliability......Page 107
Validity......Page 111
Module Exercises......Page 114
Web Resources......Page 115
CHAPTER THREE SUMMARY AND REVIEW: VARIABLES......Page 116
CHAPTER 4 Descriptive Methods......Page 119
Module 7 Observational and Qualitative Methods......Page 121
Options When Using Observation......Page 122
Laboratory Observation......Page 124
Data Collection......Page 125
Qualitative Methods......Page 127
Summary......Page 132
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 133
Lab Resources......Page 134
Module 8 Survey Methods......Page 135
Survey Construction......Page 136
Administering the Survey......Page 139
Sampling Techniques......Page 143
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 147
Lab Resources......Page 148
CHAPTER FOUR SUMMARY AND REVIEW: DESCRIPTIVE METHODS......Page 149
CHAPTER 5 Predictive (Relational) Methods......Page 153
Module 9 Conducting Correlational Research......Page 156
Magnitude, Scatterplots, and Types of Relationships......Page 157
Misinterpreting Correlations......Page 162
Summary......Page 166
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 167
Lab Resources......Page 168
Module 10 Quasi-Experimental Designs......Page 169
Nonmanipulated Independent Variables......Page 170
An Example: Snow and Cholera......Page 171
Types of Quasi-Experimental Designs......Page 172
Internal Validity and Confounds in Quasi-Experimental Designs......Page 177
Summary......Page 178
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 179
Lab Resources......Page 180
Module 11 Conducting Single-Case Research......Page 181
Types of Single-Case Designs......Page 183
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 189
Lab Resources......Page 190
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY AND REVIEW: PREDICTIVE (RELATIONAL) METHODS......Page 191
CHAPTER 6 Explanatory Methods......Page 195
Module 12 Between-Participants Experimental Designs......Page 198
Control and Confounds......Page 202
Threats to Internal Validity......Page 203
Threats to External Validity......Page 209
Review of Key Terms......Page 210
Lab Resources......Page 211
Module 13 Correlated-Groups and Developmental Designs......Page 212
Within-Participants Experimental Designs......Page 213
Matched-Participants Experimental Designs......Page 216
Developmental Designs......Page 218
Review of Key Terms......Page 219
Lab Resources......Page 220
Module 14 Advanced Experimental Designs......Page 221
Using Designs with More Than Two Levels of an Independent Variable......Page 222
Using Designs with More Than One Independent Variable......Page 225
Module Exercises......Page 233
Lab Resources......Page 234
CHAPTER SIX SUMMARY AND REVIEW: EXPLANATORY METHODS......Page 235
CHAPTER 7 Descriptive Statistics......Page 239
Module 15 Data Organization, Central Tendency, and Variance......Page 241
Organizing Data......Page 242
Descriptive Statistics......Page 247
Measures of Variation......Page 251
Module Exercises......Page 256
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 257
Web Resources......Page 258
Module 16 Transformation Scores and Correlation Coefficients......Page 259
Types of Distributions......Page 260
z-Scores......Page 262
Correlation Coefficients......Page 273
Advanced Correlational Techniques: Regression Analysis......Page 276
Summary......Page 277
Module Exercises......Page 278
Web Resources......Page 279
CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY AND REVIEW: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS......Page 280
CHAPTER 8 Inferential Statistics I......Page 285
Module 17 Hypothesis Testing......Page 287
Null and Alternative Hypotheses......Page 288
One- and Two-Tailed Hypothesis Tests......Page 289
Type I and Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing......Page 290
Statistical Significance and Errors......Page 291
Parametric Statistics for Two-Group Designs......Page 293
Module Exercises......Page 294
Web Resources......Page 295
Module 18 The t Test for Independent Groups......Page 296
t Test for Independent Groups: What It Is and What It Does......Page 297
Module Exercises......Page 304
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 305
Statistical Software Resources......Page 306
CHAPTER EIGHT SUMMARY AND REVIEW: INFERENTIAL STATISTICS I......Page 307
CHAPTER 9 Inferential Statistics II......Page 311
Module 19 t Test for Correlated Groups (Samples)......Page 313
t Test for Correlated Groups: What It Is and What It Does......Page 314
Summary......Page 319
Module Exercises......Page 320
Web Resources......Page 321
Module 20 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)......Page 322
Comparing More Than Two Kinds of Treatment in One Study......Page 323
Between-Participants Designs: One-Way Randomized ANOVA......Page 324
Review of Key Terms......Page 337
Module Exercises......Page 338
Critical Thinking Check Answers......Page 339
Statistical Software Resources......Page 340
CHAPTER NINE SUMMARY AND REVIEW: INFERENTIAL STATISTICS II......Page 341
CHAPTER 10 APA Communication Guidelines......Page 345
Module 21 Communicating Research Findings......Page 347
Avoiding Grammatical Problems......Page 348
Reporting Numbers......Page 350
Citing and Referencing......Page 352
Typing and Word Processing......Page 354
Organizing the Paper......Page 355
Conference Presentations......Page 359
Web Resources......Page 362
Module 22 APA Sample Manuscript......Page 363
CHAPTER TEN SUMMARY AND REVIEW: APA COMMUNICATION GUIDELINES......Page 380
APPENDIX A Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises......Page 381
APPENDIX B Statistical Tables......Page 397
APPENDIX C Excel, SPSS, and TI84 Exercises......Page 412
APPENDIX D Computational Formulas for ANOVAs......Page 452
REFERENCES......Page 453
GLOSSARY......Page 455
INDEX......Page 461