Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Competition Law

Cover......Page 1
Title Page
......Page 4
ISBN 9781845420475......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Abbreviations......Page 10
Preface......Page 16
PART 1
OVERARCHING POLICIES
AND ECONOMIC THEORIES
......Page 22
2.1 The efficiency goal of Articles 81 and 82......Page 24
2.2 Dynamic efficiency as a common goal for competition law and IP law......Page 27
1 Introduction......Page 48
2.1 How it all developed......Page 50
2.2 The ‘more economic approach’ as a market-oriented and effects-based approach......Page 51
2.3 Does efficiency matter?......Page 53
3 The economics of intellectual property rights and competition policy......Page 56
3.1 Does the ECJ follow a normative or an economic approach?......Page 57
3.2 The concepts of dynamic efficiency and dynamic competition......Page 60
3.3 The neo-Schumpeterian approach to intellectual property and competition law......Page 61
3.4 The theory of complementarity advocated by the Commission......Page 64
4.2 IPRs are not meant to cause monopoly power as such......Page 66
4.3 Protecting dynamic competition when substitution is not possible......Page 68
4.4 Intellectual property is different from tangible property......Page 70
4.5 IPRs do not serve the goal of guaranteeing profit for investment ininnovation......Page 71
4.6 Distinguishing between different types of IPRs......Page 72
5 Conclusion......Page 73
2.1 The notion of ‘contestable markets’......Page 75
2.2 Practical relevance for European competition policy......Page 76
2.3 The theory of contestability applied to intellectual property......Page 78
3.1 Vertical market levels 3.1.1 Uncertainty in the case law on the vertical structure of IP-related markets......Page 79
3.2 Scope of the relevant product markets......Page 82
3.3 Dominance......Page 83
4.1 Contestability of IPRs themselves......Page 85
4.3 Vertically related markets......Page 86
4.4 Other neighbouring markets......Page 94
5 Conclusion......Page 99
1 Introduction......Page 101
2 The concepts of dynamic competition and static competition......Page 102
3 Incentives and competitive pressure as instruments to induce innovation......Page 104
4 The specific market mechanisms in network markets......Page 108
5 The strategic effects of intellectual property rights in networkmarkets
......Page 110
6 Effects on innovation during a standard race......Page 113
7 Effects on innovation during a lock-in......Page 117
8 Conclusion......Page 123
PART 2 CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS
......Page 126
1 Introduction......Page 128
2 The new legal framework for IP licensing in the EU......Page 132
3 The main features of the new Technology Transfer Regulation......Page 133
4 The contents of the new Technology Transfer Regulation and the Guidelines......Page 135
5 Excluded restrictions......Page 141
6 The new methods of assessing individual restraints in licensing agreements......Page 142
7 Assessment of the new regulatory framework: the benefits of wider scope and flexibility......Page 158
1 Introduction......Page 160
2 Competition law issues......Page 164
3 Conclusion......Page 181
1 Introduction......Page 183
2 The legal framework for use licensing in the United States and Europe......Page 185
3 Field-of-use licensing: contract and patent analyses......Page 196
4 The benefits of use licensing......Page 211
5 Conclusion......Page 220
2 Section 21 AMA on intellectual property......Page 222
3 The 1999 Guidelines......Page 223
4 Section 3 AMA on restrictive behaviour......Page 224
5 Section 19 AMA on unfair trade practices......Page 225
6 Conclusion......Page 231
PART 3 UNILATERAL RESTRAINTS......Page 234
1 Introduction......Page 236
2 The US approach towards refusal to license......Page 237
3 The European approach towards refusal to license......Page 242
4 Alternative approach to refusal to license: impossibility to compete by substitution as the central criterion for a duty to license......Page 256
5 Conclusion......Page 259
1 Introduction – Spilled ink: the Supreme Court, patent tying, and presumptions of market power......Page 260
2 A brief history of the road to Illinois Tool Works......Page 262
3 Beyond convergence, or rethinking the rethinking: reflections on IP and market power, antitrust and innovation......Page 271
2 The debate concerning the reach of IP rights......Page 279
3 The institutional players that set US antitrust & IP policy......Page 281
4 Patents, requirements ties, efficiency and innovation......Page 287
5 Loyalty discounts on strongly branded goods......Page 296
6 Conclusion......Page 301
PART 4 MERGER CONTROL
......Page 302
1 General remarks......Page 304
2 New technologies and antitrust law......Page 308
PART 5 THE EFFECT OF IP LAWS AS SUCH ON COMPETITION
......Page 332
1 Introduction......Page 334
2 The background......Page 335
3 The ECJ’s position......Page 342
4 A dangerous precedent?......Page 354
5 What about TRIPS?......Page 357
6 Concluding remarks......Page 365
1 Introduction......Page 367
2 The current legislative scenario in the aftermath of the dismissal of the CII Proposal Directive......Page 370
3 The protection of derivative innovations......Page 375
4 Copyright and other forms of protection......Page 383
5 Towards a broader idea of copyright: the open-source model......Page 388
6 Conclusion......Page 392
1 Introduction......Page 394
2 The basic economics of copyright......Page 396
3 The economics of copying and indirect appropriability......Page 400
4 Specific approaches within the economics of copyright......Page 403
5 Law and economics......Page 406
6 Technological change and dynamic analysis......Page 409
7 Empirical studies......Page 411
8 Economics of copyright-collecting societies......Page 415
9 Alternatives to copyright and rejection of copyright law......Page 418
10 Conclusion......Page 421
PART 6 NATIONAL IP RIGHTS AND CROSS-BORDERCOMPETITION......Page 424
1 Introduction......Page 426
2 Intellectual property and the internal market......Page 428
3 Intellectual property and competition law......Page 434
4 Conclusion......Page 446
1 Introduction......Page 448
2 The traditional approach: the ‘cumulation theory’......Page 450
3 The alternative: a holistic approach......Page 453
4 Contractual resale restrictions in intra-Community trade......Page 458
5 Direct export/import restrictions in intra-Community trade......Page 461
6 Extra-territorial imports/exports......Page 464
7 ‘Non-exhaustible’ copyrights......Page 469
8 Concluding remarks......Page 470
1 Introduction......Page 472
2 The competition policy provisions of the TRIPS Agreement: flexibility provided and questions unanswered......Page 476
3 The need for further guidance for WTO Members in this area: technical challenges, policy legitimacy, avoiding overly sweeping......Page 478
4 Issues that might be addressed in a possible international guideline/ policy-making exercise......Page 483
5 Past discussions in the WTO Working Group on the interaction between trade and competition policy as a point of reference for......Page 489
6 Concluding remarks......Page 493
Index......Page 496