Research and Publication Ethics

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
	Figures
	Tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Nature of ethics
	1.1 Three perspectives on ethics
	1.2 Meta-ethics
		1.2.1 Are ethics real or not?
		1.2.2 Are ethical assertions actual moral assertions or just expressions of emotions?
		1.2.3 Can moral facts, if they exist, be reduced to ethical behaviour?
		1.2.4 Is there such a thing as morals?
	1.3 Normative ethics
		1.3.1 Virtue ethics theory
		1.3.2 Teleological ethics
			1.3.2.1 Utilitarianism
			1.3.2.2 Moral scepticism of hedonists
			1.3.2.3 Rights theory of ethics
		1.3.3 Deontological ethics
			1.3.3.1 Kant\'s principle of categorial imperative
			1.3.3.2 Ethical intuitionism
				1.3.3.2.1 David Ross\'s prima facie duties
	1.4 Applied ethics
	1.5 Summary
	Discussion questions
	Cases discussion
		Case 1
		Case 2
	Discussion questions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 2: Making sense of ethics
	2.1. Ethics and related concepts
		2.1.1. Values, morals, ethics
		2.1.2. Morals, morality, and moral philosophy
		2.1.3. Ethics and ethos
		2.1.4. Ethics and law
		2.1.5. Ethics and professionalism
	2.2. Why do people want to be ethical or not
		2.2.1. Moral agency
		2.2.2. Social cognitive theory of morality
		2.2.3. Kohlberg\'s moral development theory
			2.2.3.1. Level 1: Preconventional level
			2.2.3.2. Level 2: Conventional level
			2.2.3.3. Level 3: Postconventional or principled level
		2.2.4. Why do people engage in unethical conduct?
			2.2.4.1. Exercise: Heinz’s dilemma
	2.3. Summary
	Discussion questions
	Case discussion
		Case 1
		Case 2
	References
Chapter 3: Research and ethics in research
	3.1. Connecting with the world around
	3.2. Research is about seeking
	3.3. The (practical) research
	3.4. Characteristics of scientific research
		3.4.1. Rigorous
		3.4.2. Systematic
		3.4.3. Purposive
		3.4.4. Reliability and replicability
		3.4.5. Objective
		3.4.6. Testability
		3.4.7. Operational definitions
		3.4.8. Empirical/Verifiability
		3.4.9. Accuracy and precision
		3.4.10. Abstractness
		3.4.11. Generalisability/Predictability
		3.4.12. Ethical neutrality
	3.5. The research process
	3.6. What are research ethics?
		3.6.1. Why are research ethics important?
		3.6.2. What are ethical considerations in research?
	3.7. Obligations towards stakeholders
		3.7.1. The research community
		3.7.2. The research participants
		3.7.3. Groups and institutions
		3.7.4. Funding agencies and collaborators
		3.7.5. Dissemination of research
	Summary
	Discussion questions
	Case discussion
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
	References
Chapter 4: Evolution of research ethics
	4.1 Nuremberg trials
	4.2 The Nuremberg Code
	4.3 The Thalidomide Tragedy
	4.4 The Declaration of Helsinki (DoH)
	4.5 The Syphilis Study at Tuskegee
	4.6 The Belmont Report
		4.6.1 Respect for persons
		4.6.2 Beneficence
		4.6.3 Justice
	4.7 Legal and ethical framework in India
	4.8 Other principles of ethical research
		4.8.1 Integrity
	4.9 Objectivity and transparency
	4.10 Carefulness and accountability
	4.11 Intellectual property
	4.12 Responsible mentoring
	4.13 Nondiscrimination
	4.14 Social responsibility
	4.15 Legality
	4.16 Seeking ethical help before conducting research
	4.17 Embracing ethical responsibility
	Summary
	Discussion questions
	Case discussion
		Case 1
		Case 2
	References
Chapter 5: Scientific misconduct
	5.1 Scientific misconduct
		5.1.1 Professional pressures
		5.1.2 Room for fabrication
		5.1.3 Financial incentives
	5.2 Research misconduct
		5.2.1 Fabrication
		5.2.2 Falsification
		5.2.3 Misrepresentation
		5.2.4 Mismanagement of data or primary material
		5.2.5 Negligence
		5.2.6 Miscellaneous acts of misconduct
	5.3 Noncompliance with legal and regulatory requirements
		5.3.1 Human subject research
		5.3.2 Animal research
		5.3.3 Clinical trials
		5.3.4 Informed consent
			5.3.4.1 Guidelines for informed consent
			5.3.4.2 Informed Consent Documents (ICDs)
		5.3.5 Conflict of Interest
			5.3.5.1 Types of Conflicts of Interest
			5.3.5.2 Managing Conflicts of Interest
	5.4 Other instances of misconduct
		5.4.1 Helicopter research
		5.4.2 Inappropriate behaviour
			5.4.2.1 Sexual harassment
			5.4.2.2 False accusations
			5.4.2.3 Destroying record
	5.5 Managing a culture of integrity
		5.5.1 Individual
		5.5.2 Institutional
			5.5.2.1 Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Ethics Committee (EC) to assess and approve research projects
			5.5.2.2 Institutional policies and guidelines for ethical research include informed consent, confidentiality, and protection of human subjects
			5.5.2.3 Professional codes of conduct and ethical principles, such as the Declaration of Helsinki for medical research
			5.5.2.4 Training and education programs for researchers on ethics and responsible conduct of research
			5.5.2.5 Monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance with ethical standards and regulations
			5.5.2.6 A system for handling complaints and reporting misconduct
		5.5.3 Who suspects misconduct?
	5.6 Ethics in online research
		5.6.1 Informed consent and privacy
		5.6.2 Transparency and full disclosure
		5.6.3 Ethical data collection
		5.6.4 Data de-identification
		5.6.5 Research purpose justification
		5.6.6 Minimise harm and avoid intrusion
		5.6.7 Credible data sources
		5.6.8 Continuous monitoring and adaptation
		5.6.9 Ethical review board approval
		5.6.10 Education and awareness
	5.7 How to uphold ethics?
	5.8 What is not research misconduct?
	5.9 Research integrity
	5.10 Summary
	Discussion questions
	Case discussion
	References
Chapter 6: Publication ethics
	6.1 Publication issues
		6.1.1 Conflict of Interest
			6.1.1.1 Finacial Conflict of Interest
			6.1.1.2 Affiliations
			6.1.1.3 Intellectual property
			6.1.1.4 Personal relationship
			6.1.1.5 Ideology
			6.1.1.6 Professional rivalry
		6.1.2 Authorship issues
			6.1.2.1 Authorship order
			6.1.2.2 Authorship best practices
			6.1.2.3 Authorship jargon
	6.2 Publication misdemeanour
		6.2.1 Plagiarism
			6.2.1.1 Similarity is not always plagiarism
			6.2.1.2 Plagiarism types
			6.2.1.3 Self-plagiarism
			6.2.1.4 Plagiarism detection software
			6.2.1.5 Paraphrasing
		6.2.2 Selective reporting bias
			6.2.2.1 Self-citation and citation rings
		6.2.3 Redundant publishing
			6.2.3.1 Duplicate publication
			6.2.3.2 Self-plagiarism
			6.2.3.3 Salami slicing
			6.2.3.4 Data fishing
			6.2.3.5 Fractional publishing
			6.2.3.6 Simultaneous publishing
		6.2.4 Reviewer misconduct
		6.2.5 Abuse of power
			6.2.5.1 Abuse of position by research supervisors
	6.3 Organisations that promote ethical research
		6.3.1 COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics; https://publicationethics.org/)
		6.3.2 WAME (World Association of Medical Editors; https://www.wame.org/)
		6.3.3 ICMJE (International Council of Medical Journal Editors; https://www.icmje.org/)
		6.3.4 CSE (Council of Science Editors; https://www.councilscienceeditors.org/)
		6.3.5 ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID; https://orcid.org/)
		6.3.6 DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals; https://doaj.org/)
		6.3.7 Retraction Watch (https://retractionwatch.com/)
		6.3.8 OASPA (Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association; https://oaspa.org/)
		6.3.9 Indian organisations
		6.3.10 University Grants Commission (UGC) of India
	6.4 Large language models and ethical issues in research and publication
		6.4.1 Plagiarism and originality
		6.4.2 Authorship and attribution
		6.4.3 Bias and fairness
		6.4.4 Data privacy and consent
		6.4.5 Misinformation and quality control
		6.4.6 Transparency and explainability
		6.4.7 Impact on human labour
	6.5 Summary
	Discussion questions
	Case discussion
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
		Case 4
	References
Chapter 7: Publishing and predation
	7.1 Publishing
	7.2 Open access publishing
		7.2.1 Gold OA
		7.2.2 Green OA
		7.2.3 Hybrid OA
		7.2.4 Delayed OA
		7.2.5 Bronze OA
		7.2.6 Diamond/Platinum OA
		7.2.7 Gratis and libre open-access
		7.2.8 Black OA
	7.3 Open-access publishing
		7.3.1 FAIR
		7.3.2 Copyrights and licensing
		7.3.3 SHERPA RoMEO
		7.3.4 DOAJ
		7.3.5 Article Processing Charges (APCs)
		7.3.6 Plan S
	7.4 Predatory publishing
		7.4.1 History
		7.4.2 Characteristics of predatory publishers and journals
		7.4.3 Reason for the growth of predatory publishers and journals
		7.4.4 Adverse effects of predatory publishing
		7.4.5 Types of predatory publishers
	7.5 Checklist to identify predatory publishers and journals
	7.6 Think, Check, Submit concept: Choosing the right journals or publishers worldwide
	7.7 Steps by UGC India to control predatory journals and publishers
		7.7.1 Centre for Publication Ethics at SPPU
		7.7.2 UGC cell for journal analysis
	7.8 Tools to identify predatory journals
		7.8.1 Beall\'s criteria
		7.8.2 Eriksson and Helgesson\'s criteria
	7.9 Summary
	Discussion questions
	Case discussion
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
	References
Chapter 8: Academic and research publishing
	8.1 Importance of academic publishing
	8.2 Rigour in academic publishing
	8.3 Types of academic publications
		8.3.1 Research articles
		8.3.2 Book chapters
		8.3.3 Conference proceedings
		8.3.4 Theses and dissertations
	8.4 Process of academic publishing
	8.5 Peer review
	8.6 Concerns in academic publishing
	8.7 Checklist for ethical publishing
		8.7.1 Approval and concern
		8.7.2 Data accuracy
		8.7.3 Plagiarism and self-plagiarism
		8.7.4 Submission fraud
		8.7.5 Ethics of authorship
	8.8 Citation and referencing
		8.8.1 Style sheet
		8.8.2 APA versus MLA styles
		8.8.3 APA 6 and APA 7
	8.9 Citation databases
	8.10 Managing citations
	8.11 Promoting one\'s research
	8.12 Citation management software
	8.13 Academic publishing terminology
	Summary
	Discussion questions
	Case discussion
		Case 1
		Case 2
	References
Chapter 9: Citation and referencing
	9.1 Citing sources
		9.1.1 Introducing cited content
		9.1.2 Fair dealing
	9.2 Quoting sources directly
		9.2.1 Using ellipses
		9.2.2 Using [ ]
		9.2.3 Using [sic]
		9.2.4 Using quotations
	9.3 Using Latin abbreviations and words
		9.3.1 e.g. and i.e.
		9.3.2 loc. cit. and op. cit.
		9.3.3 ibid. and id.
		9.3.4 et al. and etc.
		9.3.5 p. and pp.
		9.3.6 f. and ff.
		9.3.7 q.v. and s.v.
		9.3.8 inf. and sup.
		9.3.9 viz. and sc.
		9.3.10 v. and vs.
		9.3.11 Some other Latin phrases and abbreviations used in academic writing
			9.3.11.1 Cf.
			9.3.11.2 Ed.
			9.3.11.3 n. pag.
			9.3.11.4 Passim
	9.4 Footnotes and endnotes
	9.5 Citing of exceptional cases
		9.5.1 Two or more works by the same author in the same year
		9.5.2 Works by authors with the same last name
		9.5.3 Work by two authors
		9.5.4 Work by three to five authors
		9.5.5 Work by six or more authors
		9.5.6 Work authored by an organisation
		9.5.7 Work with no listed author
		9.5.8 A work cited within other work
		9.5.9 Two or more works cited in one reference
		9.5.10 A famous work published in multiple editions
		9.5.11 Citing a chapter published in an edited book
		9.5.12 Citing an introduction, foreword, preface, or afterword
		9.5.13 Electronic source
		9.5.14 Online sources without pages
		9.5.15 Citing a personal communication
		9.5.16 Citing a video or audio
	9.6 Preparing the references section
	9.7 Summary
	Discussion questions
	Case discussion
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
		Case 4
		Case 5
		Case 6
		Case 7
		Case 8
		Case 9
	References
Chapter 10: Research metrics
	10.1 Role of research metrics
	10.2 What is measured?
	10.3 Journal metrics
		10.3.1 Usage metrics
		10.3.2 Citation metrics
			10.3.2.1 Some common citation metrics for journals
			10.3.2.2 Journal rankings
		10.3.3 Journal speed metrics
		10.3.4 Journal acceptance metrics
	10.4 Article-Level Metrics (ALMs)
	10.5 Author-level metrics
		10.5.1 Citation metrics
			10.5.1.1 Total citations
			10.5.1.2 Average citations per paper
			10.5.1.3 h-index
			10.5.1.4 i10-index
			10.5.1.5 g-index
				10.5.1.5.1 m-index
		10.5.2 Collaboration metrics
			10.5.2.1 Co-authorship metric
			10.5.2.2 Collaboration network
			10.5.2.3 Co-citation analysis
			10.5.2.4 Co-occurrence analysis
			10.5.2.5 Co-word analysis
			10.5.2.6 Collaborative index
		10.5.3 Output metrics
		10.5.4 Impact metrics
		10.5.5 Diversity metrics
		10.5.6 Reputations metrics
	10.6 Altmetrics
		10.6.1 Importance of altmetrics
		10.6.2 What is included in altmetrics?
	10.7 Flipside of use of research metrics
	10.8 Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA; https://sfdora.org/)
	Summary
	Discussion questions
	Case discussion
		Case 1
		Case 2
	References
Index