Research and Development in the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry

Research and Development in the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
1.1 The Industry......Page 18
1.2 The Role and Breadth of R&D......Page 21
1.3 R&D Organisation......Page 23
1.5 Creativity and Innovation......Page 24
1.6 Project Management......Page 25
Section A: Harnessing the Human Resource......Page 26
1 Building the Scientific Skills Base of the Group......Page 28
1.1.1 Determining the Skill Requirements......Page 29
1.1.2 Auditing the Current Skills......Page 30
1.1.3 Discovering the Skills Gap......Page 31
1.2 Recruitment......Page 35
1.2.1 Job Definition and Evaluation......Page 36
1.2.2 The Advertisement......Page 40
1.2.3 Drawing up the Short List......Page 44
1.2.4 Selection Interviewing......Page 45
1.2.5 Psychometric Tests and Assessment Centres......Page 47
1.2.6 The Choice......Page 49
1.2.7 The Offer......Page 50
1.2.8 Acceptance and Induction......Page 51
2.1 The Management of Performance......Page 52
2.1.1 Setting Performance Objectives......Page 54
2.1.2 Reviewing and Monitoring......Page 57
2.1.2.1 Performance Appraisal Schemes......Page 58
2.1.3 Training and Development......Page 60
2.1.5 Disciplinary Action and Trade Union Representation......Page 63
2.1.6 Career Development......Page 64
2.1.7 Succession Planning......Page 69
3 The R&D Team Manager......Page 72
3.1 Managerial Skills and Leadership......Page 73
3.2 Managing Creative Groups......Page 75
3.3 Managing Your Own Career......Page 78
Section B: Organising for an Innovative Environment......Page 80
1 The Structural Components of an R&D Organisation......Page 84
1.1 Organisational Environments for R&D......Page 85
1.1.1 The Functional Organisation......Page 86
1.1.1.1 Corporate R&D......Page 88
1.1.1.2 New Business Venture Groups......Page 90
1.1.2 The Strategic Business Unit......Page 91
1.1.3 The R&D Contractor......Page 92
1.1.4 The Matrix......Page 94
1.1.5 Organisational Comparisons......Page 96
1.2 The Internal Organisation of R&D......Page 98
1.2.2 Technical Management of Work Groups......Page 99
1.3 Global R&D......Page 102
1.4 Outsourcing R&D......Page 104
1.4.1 The One Stop Shop – Super CROs......Page 106
1.4.2 The Virtual R&D Company......Page 107
2 The Provision of the Appropriate Support......Page 110
2.2 Intellectual Property......Page 111
2.3 Information and Library Services......Page 112
2.4.1 R&D Office Technology......Page 114
2.7 Chemical and Equipment Supplies......Page 116
2.8 Engineering and Buildings Maintenance......Page 117
2.9 Laboratory Automation......Page 118
2.9.1 The Analytical Laboratory......Page 119
2.9.2 The Synthesis Laboratory......Page 120
2.9.2.1 Synthetic Automation Specification......Page 122
2.9.2.2 System Integration and Throughput......Page 123
2.9.2.4 Microscale Experimentation......Page 124
3.1 Financial Control......Page 126
3.1.1 Budgets......Page 127
3.1.2.1 Personnel Costs......Page 129
3.1.3 Cost Control and Monitoring......Page 130
3.2.1 Legal Background......Page 131
3.2.2 Management of Health and Safety......Page 132
3.2.2.1 Risk Assessment......Page 133
3.2.2.2 Performance Standards and Indicators......Page 134
3.2.2.3 Monitoring, Audit and Review......Page 135
3.3.1 Definitions of Terms......Page 136
3.3.2.2 Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)......Page 137
3.3.2.3 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)......Page 139
3.3.2.4 Quality Management Systems (ISO 9000 Series)......Page 140
3.3.2.5 Environmental Management System (ISO 14 000 series)......Page 142
3.3.2.6 Data Recording......Page 143
3.4 Total Quality Management in R&D......Page 145
3.4.1 Quality Procedures......Page 146
3.4.2 Continuous Improvement......Page 147
3.4.3 Performance Measurement Techniques......Page 149
3.4.4 Benchmarking......Page 152
3.5 Change Management......Page 155
3.5.1 The Change Process......Page 156
3.5.3 Embodying Change......Page 159
Section C: Creativity and Innovation......Page 162
1.1 Definitions......Page 164
1.2 Total Creativity Management......Page 165
1.3 The Creative Climate......Page 167
1.4 The Climate for Innovation......Page 169
1.5 The Creative and Innovative Individual......Page 170
1.5.1 The MBTI Creativity Index (MBTI-CI)......Page 172
1.5.2 Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory......Page 173
1.6 Innovation Pathways......Page 174
1.6.1 Sources of Innovation......Page 175
1.6.2 Business Analysis Techniques......Page 179
1.7 Creative Thinking......Page 180
1.8.2 Lateral Thinking......Page 182
1.8.3 Brainstorming......Page 184
1.8.4 Synectics and Metaphors......Page 186
1.8.5 Mind Maps......Page 187
1.8.6 Morphological Analysis......Page 188
1.8.7 Six Thinking Hats......Page 189
1.8.8 TRIZ......Page 191
1.8.9 Creating and Robert Fritz......Page 196
1.9 The Evaluation of the Ideas Generated......Page 197
2 The Protection of Intellectual Property......Page 200
2.1 Patents......Page 201
2.1.1 Inventorship......Page 203
2.1.2 Filing and Prosecution of the Application......Page 204
2.1.4 US Differences from the EPO......Page 207
2.3 Trade Secrets......Page 208
2.4 Internal Records......Page 209
2.5 Code of Best Practices for Handling IP......Page 210
3 The Exploitation of Opportunities......Page 212
3.2 Joint Venture......Page 213
3.3 External Licensing and Assignment of IP......Page 216
3.4 Inward Technology Transfer......Page 217
3.5 Knowledge Management......Page 218
3.5.1 Explicit and Tacit Knowledge......Page 219
3.5.2 Knowledge Repositories......Page 220
3.5.3 Knowledge Management and the Technological Function......Page 221
3.5.4 The Dow Chemical Project in Knowledge Exploitation......Page 223
Section D: Project Management of Innovation......Page 228
1 The Selection and Evaluation of R&D Projects......Page 230
1.1 Business Strategy and the Innovation Portfolio......Page 231
1.2.1 The Development of Existing Products and Processes......Page 234
1.2.1.1 Cost Benefit Targets......Page 235
1.2.1.3 Plant Output......Page 238
1.2.2 The Invention of New Products and Processes for Existing Businesses......Page 239
1.2.2.1 New Product Targets......Page 240
1.2.2.2 New Process Targets......Page 244
1.3 Strategic Research Targets......Page 245
2.1 The Stage-Gate Process......Page 248
2.2.1 Speculative Research......Page 249
2.2.2 Process Development......Page 252
2.2.2.1 HSE and Product Registration......Page 253
2.2.2.3 Field and Customer Trials......Page 256
2.2.3 Trial Manufacture......Page 257
2.3 Time Management of the Innovation Chain......Page 258
2.3.1 The Faster Evaluation of New Products......Page 259
2.3.2 The Faster and Increased Return on Investment......Page 260
2.3.3 Lead Times and the Development Risks......Page 263
2.3.4 R&D Management Issues......Page 265
2.3.5 The Interfaces between R&D, Manufacturing and Marketing......Page 266
2.3.6 The Overall Management of Time......Page 267
3 The Project Management Skills......Page 270
3.1 Project Manager and Team Selection......Page 271
3.2 Project Definition, the WHAT, WHEN and Constraints......Page 274
3.4 Planning, the WHO and the HOW......Page 277
3.4.2 HOW......Page 278
3.4.2.1 Gantt Charts......Page 279
3.4.2.2 Network Diagrams......Page 280
3.4.2.4 Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)......Page 281
3.6 Monitoring and Controlling the Project......Page 282
3.7 Completion of the Project......Page 284
General References......Page 286
Index......Page 288