Reproduction in Context: Social and Environmental Influences on Reproduction

Reproduction in Context......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 9
Specific Aims of This Book......Page 10
Advantages and Pitfalls of an Evolutionary Approach to the Study of Sex, Sexuality, and Reproduction.........Page 14
Basic Reproductive Neuroendocrinology......Page 17
References......Page 20
IA ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT: ENERGY BALANCE AND REPRODUCTION......Page 21
2 Puberty and Energy Reserves: A Walk on the Wild Side......Page 23
The View from the Laboratory......Page 24
Survival and Puberty......Page 25
The Energetic Control of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion......Page 26
The View from Natural Habitats......Page 28
Life Span......Page 29
Body Size......Page 31
Hibernation......Page 32
Feeding Strategy......Page 33
Where Does One See a Good Correlation Between Puberty and Energy Reserves?......Page 34
Conclusions......Page 35
References......Page 38
3 Inhibition of Reproduction in Service of Energy Balance......Page 42
Metabolic Interrelations During Feeding and Fasting......Page 47
The Loci of Metabolic Effects......Page 49
Animal Models......Page 51
Three Types of Hypotheses......Page 54
The Lipostatic Hypothesis......Page 57
The Hormonal Hypothesis......Page 59
The Metabolic Hypothesis......Page 69
Peripheral Metabolic Signals......Page 73
Metabolic Detection and/or Integration in the Caudal Brain Stem......Page 75
Summary......Page 78
References......Page 79
IB ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT: INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN BIRDS......Page 90
Reference......Page 91
4 Toward an Ecological Basis of Hormone-Behavior Interactions in Reproduction of Birds......Page 92
Finite-State Machine Theory and Life History......Page 94
The Breeding Stage......Page 95
Classification of Environmental Signals......Page 98
Expression and Control of the Breeding Stage......Page 100
Phase 1: Development of the Breeding Stage......Page 101
Phase 2: Mature Capability of the Breeding Stage......Page 108
Synchronizing and Integrating Information: Social Regulation of Onset of the Nesting Phase......Page 109
Phase 3: Termination of the Breeding Stage......Page 117
Emergency Life-History Stage and Perturbation of Reproductive Function......Page 123
Hormonal Changes During Renesting After an Indirect LPF......Page 124
Hormonal Changes After Exposure to a Direct LPF: The Emergency Life-History Stage......Page 125
Conclusions......Page 127
Acknowledgments......Page 128
References......Page 129
Sources for Figures 4.7 and 4.8......Page 133
5 Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Mediating the Photoperiodic and Social Regulation of Seasonal Reproducti.........Page 136
Neuroendocrine Basis of Seasonal Breeding in European Starlings......Page 138
Neural Basis of the Photoperiodic Response......Page 139
Endocrine Basis of Photorefractoriness......Page 143
Changes in Brain Content and Release of cGnRH-I in the Starling Breeding Cycle......Page 145
The Role of GnRH in the Photoperiodic Control of Reproduction in Birds......Page 146
Possible Relationship Between Species Differences in GnRH Plasticity and Breeding Flexibility......Page 149
Visual and Auditory Cuess......Page 150
The Effects of Male Vocalizations on the Development of the Female Reproductive System in Birds......Page 151
Converging Neural Pathways Mediating the Effects of Photoperiod and Male Song on Reproductive Endocr.........Page 154
Do Initial Predictive and Supplementary Information Act Independently of One Another or Additively?......Page 156
References......Page 157
Rae Silver and Ann-Judith Silverman......Page 166
The Brain Influences Endocrine Secretions......Page 167
The Brain Influences Immune System Secretions......Page 168
Studies of Reproduction in Ringdoves......Page 170
The Hunt Began to Identify the NonNeuronal Cells That Appear Within Hours of Courtship......Page 171
Overview of the Hematopoietic System......Page 175
Are Changes in Mast Cell Numbers in the Brain Attributable to Immigration or Changes in Detectabilit.........Page 177
Blood-Brain Barrier......Page 179
Mast Cell Secretion Can Alter Neurons......Page 181
Hormones Influence Mast Cell Secretion......Page 182
Hormonal Influences on Mast Cell Number and Distribution......Page 183
Brain Secretions and Brain Drain......Page 184
References......Page 187
IC ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT: INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN MAMMALS......Page 193
7 Timing of Reproduction by the Integration of Photoperiod with Other Seasonal Signals......Page 196
Natural Changes Contain More Predictive Information Than Static Photoperiods......Page 200
Interpretation of Day Length During Development Is Influenced by Maternal Photoperiod History......Page 206
Winter Breeding and Photoperiod Insensitivity......Page 213
Photoperiod and Food......Page 215
Photoperiod and Temperature......Page 217
Conclusion......Page 219
Acknowledgments......Page 220
References......Page 221
8 Environmental and Social Influences on Seasonal Breeding and Immune Function......Page 224
Components of the Immune System......Page 228
Assessment of Immune Function......Page 229
Seasonality, Photoperiodism, and Immune Function......Page 232
Temperature and Immune Function......Page 236
Energetic Challenges to Immune Function......Page 237
Social Interactions: Differences Between the Breeding and Nonbreeding Seasons......Page 241
Social Interactions and Immune Function......Page 242
Conclusions......Page 253
References......Page 254
9 Feisty Females and Meek Males: Reproductive Strategies in the Spotted Hyena......Page 262
Spotted Hyenas......Page 264
Methods......Page 266
Ecological Influences on Female Reproduction......Page 268
Social Influences on Female Reproduction......Page 270
Reproductive Life Span......Page 271
The Rate of Reproduction......Page 273
Interaction Effects of Food and Rank on Reproductive Performance......Page 277
Rank and Female Reproductive Success: Crocuta vs. Other Plural Breeders......Page 278
Contextual Influences on Male Reproduction......Page 281
Conclusion......Page 285
Acknowledgments......Page 286
References......Page 287
IIA SOCIAL CONTEXT AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR......Page 291
10 Risky Business: Social Context and Hormonal Modulation of Primate Sexual Desire......Page 293
Early Views of Hormones and Female Primate Sexual Behavior......Page 295
Early Studies of Primate Behavioral Endocrinology......Page 297
Primate Behavioral Endocrinology: The Modern Era......Page 298
Social Modulation of Hormonal Influences on Female Sexual Behavior......Page 301
Is Sexual Desire in Women Related to Ovarian Hormones?......Page 307
Does Risk Affect the Expression of Sexual Desire in Women as It Does in Female Rhesus Monkeys?......Page 308
Do the Principles Described in Females Apply to Males?......Page 314
Social Modulation of Hormonal Effects on Male Sexual Behavior......Page 316
Final Considerations......Page 320
References......Page 322
11 Contextual Influences on Sociosexual Behavior in Monogamous Primates......Page 328
Definitions of Monogamy......Page 329
Taxonomic Survey of Monogamy in Primates......Page 331
Prosimians......Page 332
New World Primates......Page 333
Old World Primates......Page 334
Hylobatidae......Page 335
Context Influences on Partner Preferences......Page 336
Intolerance for Same-Sex Conspecifics......Page 342
Contextual Influences on Reproductive Behavior......Page 343
Acknowledgments......Page 350
References......Page 351
Environmental Information via Chemosignals......Page 357
Pheromones Across Phyla......Page 358
Popular Culture, Science, and Myths......Page 359
Do Humans Communicate with Pheromones?......Page 360
Types of Pheromones......Page 361
Regulation of Physiology by Priming Pheromones......Page 363
Interactions Among Females......Page 364
How to Collect Pure Samples?......Page 368
Odorless Compounds......Page 369
How to Detect a Response......Page 371
Regulating Follicular Phase Length......Page 374
Gene Expression, Infertility Treatment, and Contraception......Page 376
Pheromone Transduction and Responses......Page 378
Period of Sensitivity......Page 379
Individual Differences in Sensitivity and Production......Page 381
Testicular Function......Page 383
Releasing Pheromones......Page 385
Signaling Pheromones......Page 388
Marriage Partners and the Major Histocompatability Complex......Page 389
Modulators — A New Concept and Type of Pheromone......Page 390
Pheromone Receptor Systems......Page 391
Vomeronasal System......Page 392
The Nervus Terminalis......Page 396
Main Olfactory System......Page 397
Other Chemosensory Systems......Page 398
Exudates......Page 399
Specialized Glands......Page 400
Structure and Production......Page 402
Activation......Page 403
Context Dependence: Convergence of Environmental, Social, and Developmental Information......Page 404
Pheromone Type......Page 405
Learned Contextual Cues: A Pheromonal Function......Page 406
Hormonal Context......Page 407
Do Humans Use Pheromones?......Page 408
References......Page 411
IIB SOCIAL CONTEXT AND MECHANISMS UNDERLYING BEHAVIOR......Page 423
13 Neuronal Integration of Chemosensory and Hormonal Signals in the Control of Male Sexual Behavior......Page 425
Internal and External Cues Stimulate Male Mating Behavior......Page 426
Hormonal Modulation of Responsiveness to Chemosensory Cues......Page 427
Neural Pathways for Odor-Hormone Interactions......Page 429
Neural Activation Reveals the Mating Behavior Circuit......Page 432
Fos and Odor-Hormone Interactions......Page 434
Sites of Steroid Action along the Chemosensory Circuit......Page 436
Cellular Mechanisms of Odor-Hormone Interaction......Page 438
Steroid Effects on Connectivity in the Chemosensory Pathway......Page 439
Significance of Odor-Hormone Interactions......Page 441
References......Page 443
14 Behavioral Activation of the Female Neuroendocrine Axis......Page 447
Distribution of GnRH Neurons......Page 448
Subpopulations of GnRH Neurons?......Page 451
Production of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone......Page 454
Use of Fos to Assess Status of GnRH Neurons......Page 455
Induced Ovulation and GnRH Activity......Page 457
Natural History and Evolution......Page 459
General Characteristics of Musk Shrew Reproductive Behavior......Page 460
Steroid Hormones Regulate Female Sexual Behavior......Page 461
Methods to Study the GnRH System......Page 462
Ovulation Affects Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone......Page 463
Social Interactions with Males Affect GnRH......Page 464
Musk Shrew Future Directions......Page 465
Evolution of Behavioral Control of GnRH Activity......Page 467
References......Page 468
15 Sexuality: The Environmental Organization of Phenotypic Plasticity......Page 475
Some Guiding Concepts......Page 477
Traditional Views in Behavioral Endocrinology Compared to the Study of Individual Variation in Sexua.........Page 478
Environmental Organization of Phenotypic Plasticity......Page 479
Behavior-dependent Sex Determination......Page 480
Embryonic Temperature Shapes the Adult Phenotype......Page 481
Cause vs. Consequence, Size vs. Activity......Page 485
The Importance of Experience and Age......Page 487
Hormonal Inheritance, Transgenerational Effects, and Individual Variation......Page 488
The Evolution of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Controlling Sexual Behavior......Page 491
Concluding Remarks......Page 494
References......Page 497
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 502
P......Page 504
Z......Page 505
B......Page 506
C......Page 507
E......Page 508
F......Page 509
H......Page 510
I......Page 511
M......Page 512
N......Page 514
P......Page 515
R......Page 517
S......Page 518
T......Page 520
Z......Page 521