Renal Physiology and Hydrosaline Metabolism

Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
1: General Kidney Functions
	1.1 Excretion of Nitrogenous Metabolites
	1.2 Conservation of Organic Solutes That Are Valuable to the Body
	1.3 Regulation of Plasma Osmolality
	1.4 Regulation of the Effective Circulating Volume
	1.5 Regulation of the Acid-Base Balance
	1.6 Regulation of Potassium Balance
	1.7 Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Balance
	1.8 Endocrine Function
	1.9 Extrarenal Organs in the Maintenance of the Hydrosaline Balance
	1.10 Nomenclature of Solute Carriers, Water, and Ion Channels
	1.11 Conclusions
	Bibliography
2: Functional Anatomy of the Kidney
	2.1 General Structure of the Kidney
	2.2 Nephron Structure
		2.2.1 Renal Corpuscle
			2.2.1.1 Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
		2.2.2 Renal Tubule
	2.3 Proximal Tubule
	2.4 Loop of Henle
	2.5 Distal Nephron
		2.5.1 Distal Convoluted Tubule
		2.5.2 Connecting Tubule
		2.5.3 Cortical Collecting Duct (CCD)
		2.5.4 Medullary Collecting Duct (MCD)
	2.6 Renal Circulation
	2.7 Conclusions
	Bibliography
3: Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
	3.1 Composition of Glomerular Filtrate
	3.2 Dynamics of Glomerular Filtration
	3.3 Renal Blood Flow
		3.3.1 Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
		3.3.2 Neurohumoral Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
	3.4 Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate
		3.4.1 Concept of Renal Clearance
		3.4.2 Measuring Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
	3.5 Conclusions
	Bibliography
4: Transport of NaCl, Organic Solutes, and Water in the Renal Tubule
	4.1 Renal Function and Tubular Reabsorption
	4.2 General Concepts of Transepithelial Transport
	4.3 Bioenergetics of Sodium Transport and the Na+, K+-ATPase
	4.4 Tubular Processes in Urine Formation
		4.4.1 Proximal Tubule
	4.5 Glucose Reabsorption
	4.6 Amino Acids and Proteins
	4.7 Bicarbonate Reabsorption
	4.8 Chloride Reabsorption
	4.9 Secretion of Organic Anions and Cations
	4.10 Coupling of Water Reabsorption with Solutes
	4.11 Loop of Henle
	4.12 Distal Nephron
	4.13 Regulation of NaCl and Water Reabsorption Along the Nephron
		4.13.1 Physical Factors: Starling Forces
		4.13.2 Glomerulotubular Balance
		4.13.3 Regulation by Neurotransmitters and Hormones: General Concepts
	4.14 Conclusions
	Bibliography
5: Water Balance and the Regulation of Plasma Osmolality
	5.1 Physical Basis of Water Transport
	5.2 Water Pathways in the Cell Membrane and Regulation of Cell Volume
	5.3 Distribution of Water in the Body
	5.4 Whole Organism Water Balance
	5.5 Determinants of Effective Plasma Osmolality
	5.6 Biology of Arginine-Vasopressin
	5.7 Regulation of Plasma Osmolality
	5.8 Mechanism of Urinary Concentration and Dilution
		5.8.1 Hypertonic Urine Formation
		5.8.2 Hypoosmotic Urine Formation
		5.8.3 Role of Vasa Recta Capillaries
	5.9 Renal Handling of Urea
	5.10 Quantification of the Kidney´s Ability to Concentrate and Dilute Urine
	5.11 Survival of Cells in High-Salinity Environments
	5.12 Conclusions
	Bibliography
6: Osmoregulation in Non-mammalian Vertebrates
	6.1 Fish
		6.1.1 Teleosts
	6.2 Elasmobranchs
	6.3 Amphibians
	6.4 Birds and Reptiles
	6.5 Energy Cost of Osmoregulation in Aquatic Environments
	6.6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
7: Regulation of the Effective Circulating Volume and the Sodium Balance
	7.1 Concept and Determinants of the Circulating Volume
	7.2 Sodium Balance and Its Relationship to Circulating Volume
	7.3 Detection of Changes in Circulating Volume
	7.4 Signals Generated from the Volume Receptors
		7.4.1 Sympathetic Renal Innervation
		7.4.2 Renin-Angiotensin II-Aldosterone Axis
		7.4.3 Atriopeptin
		7.4.4 Arginine-Vasopressin
	7.5 Control of Renal Sodium Excretion Under Euvolemic Conditions
	7.6 Control of Renal Sodium Excretion in Hypovolemia
	7.7 Control of Renal Sodium Excretion Under Conditions of Hypervolemia
	7.8 Edema
	7.9 Conclusions
	Bibliography
8: Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
	8.1 Body Acid-Base Balance
	8.2 Buffers in the Body
	8.3 Physiology of the CO2-Bicarbonate Buffer
	8.4 Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
		8.4.1 Bicarbonate Reabsorption Along the Nephron
		8.4.2 Bicarbonate Regeneration
	8.5 Regulation of Acid-Base Transport by the State of the Acid-Base Balance
	8.6 Primary Acid-Base Balance Disorders
		8.6.1 Metabolic Acidosis
		8.6.2 Metabolic Alkalosis
		8.6.3 Respiratory Acidosis
		8.6.4 Respiratory Alkalosis
	8.7 Conclusions
	Bibliography
9: Potassium Balance Regulation
	9.1 Distribution of the K+ in the Body
	9.2 Transmembrane Distribution of K+
	9.3 Internal Balance
	9.4 External Balance
	9.5 Adaptation to Potassium
	9.6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
10: Tubular Transport of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium
	10.1 Role of the Ca++ and Phosphate in the Body
	10.2 Components of Total Calcium and Phosphate in Plasma
	10.3 Tubular Transport of Calcium
	10.4 Endocrine Regulation of Tubular Calcium Transport
	10.5 Phosphate Tubular Transport
	10.6 Endocrine Regulation of Phosphate Tubular Reabsorption
	10.7 Conclusions
	Bibliography
11: Kidney Hormones and Their Action
	11.1 Renin-Angiotensin System
		11.1.1 Function
		11.1.2 Renal Location of RAS Components
		11.1.3 Renin
		11.1.4 Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE), ACE2, and NEP 24.11
		11.1.5 Angiotensinogen
		11.1.6 AT1 and AT2 Receptors
		11.1.7 Mas Receptor
		11.1.8 Pro-Renin Receptor
		11.1.9 Ontogenia
	11.2 Kallikrein-Kinin System
		11.2.1 Functions
		11.2.2 Renal Location of KKS Components
			11.2.2.1 Kallikrein
			11.2.2.2 Kininogens
			11.2.2.3 B1 and B2 Receptors
		11.2.3 KKS Ontogeny
	11.3 Prostaglandins
		11.3.1 Distribution of COX-1 in the Kidney
		11.3.2 Distribution of COX-2 in the Kidney
	11.4 Nitric Oxide
		11.4.1 Distribution of NOS Isoforms in the Kidney
	11.5 Erythropoietin
		11.5.1 Location
		11.5.2 Ontogeny
	11.6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
12: Pathophysiology of Hypertension or High Blood Pressure
	12.1 Sodium-Sensitive Hypertension and Kidney Hormones
	12.2 Imbalance Between Vasoactive Hormones as a Mechanism of Renal Damage: Increase in ACE and Decrease in Kallikrein Alters t...
		12.2.1 Local Induction of ACE and Progression of Kidney Disease
			12.2.1.1 Importance of Tubulointerstitial Space
			12.2.1.2 Is There a Common Mechanism for the Induction of ACE in Kidney Damage?
		12.2.2 Deficiency of the Kallikrein-Kinin System and Kidney Damage
	12.3 Regulation of Kallikrein Synthesis, Regulatory effect of Dietary Potassium
	12.4 Importance of an Adequate Diet in Potassium and Its Natriuretic Effect
	12.5 Sodium and Potassium in the Diet and Salt-Sensitive (Sodium) Hypertension
	12.6 Importance of Renal Medullary Circulation in Sodium and Blood Pressure Regulation
	12.7 Cyclooxygenase-2
	12.8 Conclusions
	Bibliography
13: Genetic Alterations of Tubular Transport of NaCl and Water
	13.1 Bartter Syndrome
	13.2 Gitelman Syndrome
	13.3 Liddle Syndrome
	13.4 Apparent Excess of Mineralocorticoid (AME)
	13.5 Genetic Alterations of the Tubular Transport of Water
	13.6 Diabetes Insipidus
	13.7 Conclusions
	Bibliography
14: Answers to Chapter Questions
Index