Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Policy Decision Support (Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Estimated Error Analysis in Downscaled Land Surface Temperature
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Study Area and Data
	1.3 Methodology
		1.3.1 Resampling the TIR Band
		1.3.2 LST Retrieved from Landsat 8 TIRS data
		1.3.3 LST Sharpening Method Based on the Regression of LST and Remote Sensing Indices
		1.3.4 Accuracy Assessment and Validation
	1.4 Results and Discussion
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2 Frequency Ratio Approach for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Phonda Ghat of Maharashtra
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Study Area
	2.3 Research Methodology
		2.3.1 Frequency Ratio Method
	2.4 Result and Discussion
		2.4.1 Landslide Inventory
		2.4.2 Influential Geo-environmental Factors of Landslide
		2.4.3 LSA by Frequency Ratio
		2.4.4 Validation of the Frequency Ratio Model
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Evaluation of the Hydrological Process Prevalent in Ghaggar River Basin Using Interferometrically Derived Sentinel-1 DEM
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Study Area
	3.3 Methodology and Data Used
	3.4 Results and Discussion
		3.4.1 Linear Aspects
		3.4.2 Areal Aspects
		3.4.3 Drainage Characteristics
		3.4.4 Relief Characteristics
		3.4.5 Hypsometric Analysis
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4 Site Suitability Analysis for Identifying Water Conservation Structures Using Geoinformatics of Eastern Part of Satara District of Maharashtra, India
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Study Area
	4.3 Research Methodology
	4.4 Result and Discussion
		4.4.1 Physical Environment
		4.4.2 Social Environment
		4.4.3 Rainfall-Runoff Estimation
		4.4.4 Weighted Index Model
		4.4.5 Site Suitability Analysis
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5 Monsoon Impacted Magnetic and Geomorphological Changes Along the Redi Beach, Sindhudurg District, West Coast of Maharashtra, India
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Study Area
	5.3 Materials and Methods
	5.4 Results and Discussion
		5.4.1 Concentration-Dependent Parameter: Magnetic Susceptibility (Year 2003)
		5.4.2 Concentration-Dependent Parameter: Magnetic Susceptibility (Year 2004)
		5.4.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		5.4.4 Morphological Studies around Redi Beach
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
6 Vulnerability Assessment of Avalanches in Upper Satluj Basin, District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India: A Geographic Information System (GIS)-Based Approach
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Study Area
	6.3 Methodology
	6.4 Result and Discussion (Parameters–Based Analysis)
		6.4.1 Relative Relief
		6.4.2 Slope
		6.4.3 Slope Aspect
		6.4.4 Slope Profile
		6.4.5 Land Use Land Cover (LULC)
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Assessment of Soil Risk by RUSLE Model Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Pench River Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Description of the Study Area
	7.3 Methodology and Parameter Estimation
		7.3.1 Slope Length Factor (L) and Slope Steepness Factor (S)
		7.3.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (k-factor)
		7.3.3 Land Cover and Crop Management Factor (C-factor)
		7.3.4 The Support Practice Factor (P-factor)
		7.3.5 The Annual Rainfall and Runoff Erosivity Factor (R-factor)
	7.4 Result
		7.4.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R)
		7.4.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K)
		7.4.3 Topographic Factor (LS)
		7.4.4 Crop Management Factor (C)
		7.4.5 Potential Annual Soil Erosion Estimation
	7.5 Summary
	7.6 Conclusions
	References
8 Socio Economic Livelihood Vulnerability to Mountain Hazards: A Case of Uttarakhand Himalaya, India
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Conceptual Background
		8.2.1 Natural Hazards
		8.2.2 Risk
		8.2.3 Vulnerability
		8.2.4 Disaster
	8.3 Vulnerability Scenario of Himalayan People
	8.4 Study Area
	8.5 Fragility of Uttarakhand and Livelihood Vulnerability
	8.6 Methodology
		8.6.1 Data Source
		8.6.2 Methods
	8.7 Results and Discussion
		8.7.1 Sensitivity
		8.7.2 Exposure
		8.7.3 Adaptive Capacity
		8.7.4 Livelihood Vulnerability
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
9 Land Surface Temperature Retrieval of Landsat-8 Data Using Split-Window Algorithm Over Delhi City, India
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Study Area
	9.3 Data Used and Methodology
		9.3.1 Data Collection
		9.3.2 Derivation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Image
		9.3.3 Retrieval of LST
		9.3.4 Process of Split-Window (SW) Algorithm
	9.4 Result and Discussion
		9.4.1 Density of Urban Area of Delhi Municipal Corporation During February 2014 Using Landsat-8 (OLI)
		9.4.2 Landsat-8 (OLI): Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Categories in February 2014 of Delhi City
		9.4.3 Atmospheric Up-Welling, Down-Welling Radiances and Transmittance Retrieving
		9.4.4 Estimation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) Using Landsat-8 (OLI), on 09th February, 2014 for Delhi City
		9.4.5 Land Surface Temperature (LST) of Different Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Categories of Landsat-8 (OLI), 09th February, 2014
		9.4.6 Ward Wise Distribution of Land Surface Temperature, Landsat-8 (OLI) of 09th February, 2014
		9.4.7 Relationship Between Vegetation Density and LST of Landsat-8 (OLI), of 09th February, 2014
		9.4.8 Correlation Between Land Surface Temperatures (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
		9.4.9 Validation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) Using MODIS (Terra) Data in February 2014
		9.4.10 Comparison of Mean Surface Temperature in Landsat-8 (OLI) and MODIS 11a1 Terra (February 2014) in Delhi City
	9.5 Summary and Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
10 Investigation of Land Use and Landcover Changes and Its Relationship with Land Surface Temperature and Ground Water Temperature Over Bangalore City
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Study Area
		10.2.1 Location of the Study Area
		10.2.2 Rainfall in the Study Area
		10.2.3 Geological and Hydrological Settings of the Study Area
	10.3 Material and Method
		10.3.1 Methodology
		10.3.2 Results and Discussion
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
11 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection and Its Impact on Land Surface Temperature of Malana Watershed Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Study Area
	11.3 Materials and Methods
		11.3.1 Method for LULC Classification
		11.3.2 LST Extraction from Thermal Band
		11.3.3 Thermal Calibration and Generation of FVC Image
	11.4 Results and Discussions
		11.4.1 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Analysis
		11.4.2 Change in LULC Area From 2001–2017
		11.4.3 Land Surface Temperature (LST) Change Analysis
		11.4.4 Statistics of LST of Different LULC Categories for the Year 2001, 2011, and 2017
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Spatio-Temporal Changes in Metropolitan Cities of India: A Comparative Study of Delhi and Mumbai
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Study Area
	12.3 Materials and Methods
		12.3.1 Database
		12.3.2 Image Classification
		12.3.3 Change Detection
		12.3.4 Ward Wise Analysis of Urban Transformation
		12.3.5 Urban Transformation Analysis
		12.3.6 Stepwise Regression
		12.3.7 Landscape Matrices
	12.4 Result and Discussion
		12.4.1 Land Use/cover Status of Delhi and Mumbai
		12.4.2 Land Use/cover Change
		12.4.3 Urban Sprawl Measurement: Shannon Entropy
		12.4.4 Correlates and Determinants of Urban Growth
		12.4.5 Spatial/Landscape Metrics
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13 Assessment of Particulate Pollutants (PM10 and PM2.5), Its Relation with Vegetation Cover and Its Impacts on Apple Orchards in Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Study Area
	13.3 Methodology
		13.3.1 Air Quality Index (AQI)
		13.3.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
		13.3.3 Derivation of NDVI Image
	13.4 Results and Discussion
		13.4.1 PM10 Concentration at Mohal
		13.4.2 PM10 Concentration at Raison and Beasar
		13.4.3 PM2.5 Concentration at Mohal
		13.4.4 PM2.5 Concentration at Raison and Beasar
		13.4.5 PM10 and PM2.5 Concentration Compare with Control Sites Beasar
		13.4.6 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI and Pollutants
		13.4.7 Back Trajectories, CALIPSO and Pollution Sources
	13.5 Air Quality Index (AQI)
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
14 The Magnitude of Transformation in Land Use Land Cover of Kalyan-Dombivli, Smart City
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Scope and Objectives
	14.3 Study Area
	14.4 Materials and Data Used for Land-Use/Land Cover Mapping
		14.4.1 Software Used
	14.5 Methodology
		14.5.1 Method and Procedure
		14.5.2 Change Detection
		14.5.3 Accuracy Assessment
		14.5.4 NDVI Calculation
	14.6 Results and Discussion
	14.7 Conclusion
	References
15 Assessment of Tiger Tourism in India: A Case Study of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Study Area
	15.3 Research Methodology
	15.4 Result and Discussion
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
16 Inventory and Phenological Assessment of Apple Orchards Using Various Remote Sensing Techniques for Shopian District of Jammu and Kashmir State, India
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Study Area
	16.3 Data Used
	16.4 Methodology
	16.5 Results and Discussions
		16.5.1 Spectral Profile of Apple Orchards, Forests and Agriculture Area in NIR Band
		16.5.2 NDVI
		16.5.3 NDVI Difference in Among Months
	16.6 Classified Image Result
		16.6.1 Classification
	16.7 Classification Result
		16.7.1 Classification of Mature Age Trees
		16.7.2 Classification of Middle Age Trees
		16.7.3 Classification of Young Age Trees
	16.8 Accuracy Assessment
		16.8.1 Landsat-8 Supervised Classification
		16.8.2 Landsat-8 Unsupervised Classification
		16.8.3 NDVI Classification
	16.9 Discussion
	16.10 Conclusion
	References
17 Geospatial Technology in Sustainable Forest Management in Molakalmuru Taluk of Karnataka State, India
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Location
		17.2.1 Physiography
	17.3 Database and Methodology
		17.3.1 Data Used
	17.4 Rivers and Tanks
	17.5 Mapping of Forest Cover
	17.6 Mapping of Forest Classification
		17.6.1 Deciduous Forest
		17.6.2 Forest Plantation
		17.6.3 Scrub Forest
	17.7 Change Detection Analysis (CDA)
	17.8 Results and Discussion
	17.9 Reclamation Strategies
	17.10 Conclusion
	References
18 Application of GIS Technology in Detection of Crime Hot Spots and Vulnerable Areas of Jalandhar Commissionerate
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Aim and Objective
		18.2.1 Limitations
	18.3 Study Area
		18.3.1 Crime Hot Spots
		18.3.2 Expressive Analysis
		18.3.3 Analysis Based on the Point Patterns
		18.3.4 Technical Security Arrangements Already Followed by the Punjab Police Department for Reducing the Crime in Sensitive Areas
		18.3.5 Criminals and Offenders Use to Do Several Activities to Make a Place as Vulnerable Place or Crime Hot Spot
		18.3.6 Data Used
	18.4 Methodology
		18.4.1 Inter Relationship Between Existing Land Use and Snatching Crime in Jalandhar Commissionerate
	18.5 Results and Discussions
		18.5.1 GIS-Based Vulnerable Areas Mapping
		18.5.2 Hot Spot Analysis on GIS
		18.5.3 Buffer Analysis Technique
		18.5.4 Findings
		18.5.5 Recommendations
	18.6 Conclusion
	References
19 Quantifying Land Use/Land Cover Change and Landscape Fragmentation Over the Intanki National Park, Nagaland (India) Using Geo-Informatics
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Study Region
	19.3 Materials and Methods
		19.3.1 Data Used
		19.3.2 Methodology
	19.4 Results and Discussion
		19.4.1 Classification and Accuracy Assessment of LULC Images
		19.4.2 Fragmentation and Landscape Metrics
	19.5 Conclusion
	References
20 Impact of Sprawl on Development Pattern of Bengaluru City
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Study Area
		20.2.1 Major Suburbs Centre in the Study Area Bengaluru
	20.3 Objectives
	20.4 Methodology
	20.5 Results and Discussions
		20.5.1 Land Use/Land Cover Pattern
		20.5.2 Trends of Land Conversion to Built-Up Area
		20.5.3 Potential and Strategies
	20.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
21 Using Remote Sensing Technique to Investigate Land Use/ Land Cover Changes in Varanasi District (UP), India
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Study Area
	21.3 Materials and Methods
		21.3.1 Image Preprocessing
		21.3.2 LULC Classification Using SVM
		21.3.3 Assessment of Classification Accuracy
		21.3.4 LULC Change Investigation
	21.4 Results and Discussion
		21.4.1 LULC Status
		21.4.2 LULC Change
	21.5 Conclusions
	References
22 Geo-Spatial Database for Village Resources: A Case Study of Selected Villages from the Central Himalaya
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Study Area
	22.3 Objective
	22.4 Database and Methodology
	22.5 Land Resources
	22.6 Soil Quality
	22.7 Water Resource
	22.8 Human Resource
	22.9 Conclusion
	References
23 Effect of Urban Expansion on Groundwater Crisis: A Comparative Assessment of Nainital, Mussoorie and Shimla Hill Cities
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Study Area
	23.3 Data Used and Methodology
		23.3.1 Data Used
		23.3.2 Methodology
		23.3.3 Methodology Flowchart
	23.4 Result and Discussion
		23.4.1 Changes in Land Use Land Cover Over Years 1998, 2008 and 2018
		23.4.2 Change in Area Under Each Elevation Range Over the Years
		23.4.3 Preparation of Thematic Layers for Weighted Overlay Analysis
		23.4.4 Weighted Overlay Analysis for Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping
		23.4.5 Area Calculation and Correlation Graph
		23.4.6 Comparative Assessment
		23.4.7 Basin and Watershed Delineation for Water Harvesting Structures
	23.5 Conclusions
	References
24 Land Use/Land Cover Changes in Coastal Districts of Karnataka
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Location and Extent
	24.3 Relief Features
	24.4 Drainage
	24.5 Land Use/Land Cover Change in Kanara Coast
	24.6 Recent Developmental Activities in Kanara Coast
	24.7 Land Use Land Cover Change
	24.8 Vegetation
	24.9 Conclusion
	References
25 Spatial Modelling for Municipal Solid Waste Management Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Materials and Methods
		25.2.1 Study Area
		25.2.2 Data and Software Used
		25.2.3 Methodology
	25.3 Results and Discussions
		25.3.1 Criteria Mapping
		25.3.2 Scoring/Ranking of Criteria
		25.3.3 Calculation of the Consistency Ratio
		25.3.4 Preparation of Suitability Map
	25.4 Conclusion
	References