Remedies against int organisations

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 11
Abbreviations......Page 13
Introduction......Page 17
PART I • GENERAL FEATURES OF REMEDIES AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS......Page 21
1 The accountability regime for international organisations......Page 23
Remedies in international law......Page 26
The need for remedies against international organisations......Page 28
A constitutional obligation......Page 29
The human rights protection imperative......Page 30
The right to a remedy......Page 32
Distinctive features......Page 35
Common features......Page 39
Some further observations of a more general nature......Page 41
3 The different levels of accountability and the appropriateness of various remedies: scope ratione materiae......Page 44
Member states and the first level of accountability......Page 45
Member states and the second and third level of accountability......Page 48
Non-member states and non-state third parties......Page 49
Access to remedies: scope ratione personae and differential standing......Page 52
Access to remedies: scope ratione fori and differential standing......Page 55
The claimant’s approach......Page 60
The state of the law......Page 62
The procedural aspects......Page 66
Peacekeeping and peace-enforcement operations: a separate category......Page 68
Judicial remedies......Page 70
First-level remedies......Page 73
PART II • PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF REMEDIAL ACTION AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS......Page 77
7 Introduction to procedural aspects of remedial action against international organisations......Page 79
Exhaustion of internal remedies......Page 82
Differences over privileges and immunities......Page 84
The holding-harmless clause......Page 86
The holding-harmless clause and peacekeeping operations......Page 87
Diplomatic protection vis-à-vis the international organisation......Page 89
Diplomatic protection and the exhaustion of internal remedies......Page 92
Disputes involving staff members......Page 94
The present system of protection......Page 97
Challenging legislative decisions......Page 100
The review system......Page 102
10 Procedural aspects of remedial action by private claimants......Page 104
The overall picture......Page 105
Sub-contracting......Page 108
Arbitration......Page 109
Insurance and self-insurance......Page 112
Peacekeeping operations as a separate category: the ONUC case......Page 113
The conditions of control and command......Page 115
Limitation of third-party liability......Page 118
The claims review boards......Page 119
Non-governmental organisations and international organisations: an ambivalent relationship......Page 122
Lack of locus standi for representational non-governmental organisations......Page 123
Representational non-governmental organisations presenting their views before international courts and tribunals......Page 124
The jurisdictional immunity of international organisations before domestic courts......Page 130
International organisations before domestic courts......Page 132
Judicial abstention by domestic courts......Page 133
Judicial activism by domestic courts......Page 137
The burden of proof and evidence......Page 141
Disclosure of information and documents......Page 142
Proof and evidence before international criminal tribunals......Page 145
PART III • SUBSTANTIVE OUTCOME OF REMEDIAL ACTION AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS......Page 149
13 General features of remedial outcome......Page 151
Orders for specific performance......Page 153
Declaratory judgments......Page 156
Pecuniary remedies......Page 157
Non-pecuniary remedies......Page 158
Punitive damages......Page 160
Costs and attorneys’ fees......Page 161
General picture......Page 163
A variety of remedies......Page 165
Compensation......Page 167
The problem of costs......Page 170
Contractual liability claims......Page 172
Procurement-related arbitration cases......Page 173
Tort liability claims......Page 176
Peacekeeping operations......Page 178
Ex gratia payments......Page 181
PART IV • ALTERNATIVE REMEDIAL ACTION AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE......Page 183
16 Introduction to alternative remedial action against international organisations and options for the future......Page 185
17 Pre-remedial action......Page 188
18 Non-legal alternative remedial action......Page 193
The ombudsman model......Page 194
The inspection panel model......Page 197
The World Bank Inspection Panel......Page 198
The World Bank’s 1996 Clarifications and the 1999 Conclusions......Page 200
The World Bank Inspection Panel as an accountability mechanism......Page 201
The World Bank Inspection Panel as a model......Page 203
The potential remedial effect of Commissions of Inquiry......Page 206
Two recent examples:the reports on Srebrenica and on Rwanda......Page 209
19 Amendment of existing judicial remedies......Page 214
The UN internal system of justice: the 1995 proposals......Page 215
The jurisdiction of international administrative tribunals......Page 218
Denial of justice......Page 219
An appeal procedure......Page 220
Prospective and retrospective approaches......Page 222
Waiver of immunity and the balance of interests......Page 224
The obligation to provide alternative modes of settlement......Page 225
Domestic courts as an appropriate forum......Page 229
The solution offered by Reinisch......Page 231
The potential role of arbitration proceedings......Page 235
Arbitration between states and international organisations......Page 236
Arbitration between non-state entities and international organisations......Page 238
20 An inevitable role for the International Court of Justice......Page 240
Indirect remedial opportunity in an inter-state dispute before the Court......Page 242
(In)direct remedial opportunity by way of a (binding) Advisory Opinion......Page 244
Advisory Opinions under the 1946 General Convention: the right of initiative......Page 246
Remedial protection......Page 250
The need for change......Page 252
The 1997 proposals......Page 253
Policy reasons......Page 254
The amendment of the jurisdiction ratione personae: which international organisations should be granted locus standi?......Page 257
Guatemala’s proposal......Page 261
Costa Rica’s proposal......Page 263
Freedom of exclusion......Page 264
Some procedural aspects and rights......Page 266
Intervention......Page 268
Amicus curiae......Page 270
Locus standi for non-state entities:representational non-governmental organisations and individuals?......Page 271
How can the necessary changes be brought about?......Page 272
Conclusion......Page 279
Bibliography......Page 287
Index......Page 295