Religion in Calabar: The Religious Life and History of a Nigerian Town

Preface
Introduction
Part One: Historical Ethnography
Chapter One: Old Calabar
1.1 Background to Calabar
1.2 Traditional religion
Chapter Two: Missionary Beginnings
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Early Christian contacts
2.3 Early religious pluralization
2.4 Roman Catholic Mission
2.5 Wesleyan Methodists
2.6 Lutheran Church
2.7 Qua Iboe Mission
2.8 Presbyterian developments
Chapter Three: Religious Pluralization
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The heyday of Calabar: 1910-1929
3.3 The witchcraft scare: 1930-39
3.4 World War II and its effect on Calabar: 1940-1949
3.5 Political independence approaches: 1950-1959
3.6 Independence and civil war: 1960-1969
3.7 The post-civil war revival: 1970-1974
3.8 The “oil boom” churches: 1975-1979
3.9 Concluding remarks
Part Two: Contemporary Religion
Chapter Four: Non-Indigenous and Institutional Religion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 From mission to mainline churches - and after
4.3 Islam
4.4 Exogenous religious institutions
Chapter Five: Indigenous and Institutional Religion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Traditional religion
5.3 Spiritual self-determination - the hallmark of the new churches
5.4 New trends and developments
5.5 Concluding remarks
Chapter Six: Institutional Distribution
6.1 The religious mapping of Calabar
6.2 Concluding remarks
Chapter Seven: Institutional Interaction
7.1 Interaction and interdependence
7.2 Conferences, councils and chaplaincies
7.3 Non-denominational revivals and crusades
7.4 The Bible and music as common denominators
7.5 Civic interaction
7.6 Negotiations and affiliations
7.7 Negative interaction
7.8 Concluding remarks
Chapter Eight: Popular Religion
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The human condition
8.3 “Why die in silence?”
8.4 Power and protection
8.5 Festivals
8.6 Freelance evangelism
8.7 Music
8.8 Spiritual experience
8.9 Names and mottoes
8.10 A kaleidoscope of religious activity
Chapter Nine: Religion in the Media
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Newspaper religion
9.3 Television religion
9.4 Radio religion
9.5 Concluding remarks
Chapter Ten: Unity in Diversity: Themes and Developments in Calabar Religion
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Religion as transformative power
10.3 Religion as sustaining force
10.4 Spiritualization
10.5 Institutionalization
10.6 Secularization
10.7 Privatization
10.8 Religious self-determination
10.9 Homogenization
10.10 Religious conversion and mobility
Conclusion
Appendix 1: Methods
Appendix 2: Chronology
Appendix 3: Data File on the Religious Institutions of Calabar
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Books and Articles Relating to Calabar
Comparative and Theoretical Works
Index