Religion, Conflict, and Peacebuilding: The Role of Religious Leaders in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Preface: A Universe and an Origami
Contents
About the Author
General Introduction
Background of the Study: Religion, Conflict, and Peace
Design of the Study
Geographical Focus of the Study: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Goals of the Study
Epistemological Positions
Methodology
Preparation and Sampling
Organization of the Book
Scope and Limitations
Technical and Terminological Notes
Et maintenant, on va où? (The Plan of the Discussion)
Part I: Forgiveness
	1.1 Part I: An Overview
	Chapter 1: Field Research Findings? Delineating Forgiveness
		1.1 Punishment and Forgiveness
		1.2 The Emotional Side of Forgiving
			1.2.1 Forgiving as Emancipation from Overwhelming Negative Emotions
		1.3 Forgiving as a Spiritual State
			1.3.1 Forgiving as a Comprehensive Change in Thinking
		1.4 Forgiving, Memory, and Commemoration
			1.4.1 The Past Weighing on the Present
			1.4.2 The Graves that Do Not Forgive
			1.4.3 Forgiving as Forgetting
		1.5 Collective Frameworks of Forgiving
		1.6 A Residue of Forgiving
		1.7 Forgiveness: An Obligation, a Supererogatory Act, Grace
		1.8 The Conditionality of Forgiveness
		1.9 Theological Justifications for Forgiving
			1.9.1 Forgive as God Forgives Us
			1.9.2 Forgiving and the Belief in Final Divine Justice
		1.10 Religious Leaders and Forgiving
		1.11 Interim Conclusion: Dimensions of Forgiving in a Religious Context
	Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Forgiveness
		2.1 Emotionalist Theories of Forgiving
		2.2 Games of Forgiveness: Forgiveness More than Calculation
		2.3 Arendt and Levinas: Forgiving as the Undoing of Time and Regaining of Human Agency
		2.4 Derrida, Ricœur and the Unforgivable
			2.4.1 Public Theaters of Forgiving
		2.5 Against Forgiving: Resentment as a Virtue
		2.6 Exorcising Forgiveness from Politics
	Chapter 3: Concluding Remarks on Forgiveness
Part II: Reconciliation
	1.1 Part II: An Overview
	Chapter 4: Field-Research Findings? Outlines of Reconciliation
		4.1 From Interpersonal to Intergroup Reconciliation
			4.1.1 Dramaturgy of Reconciliation
			4.1.2 Reconciliation as a Theory and Practice
		4.2 The Belief in Reconciliation as a Basis of Reconciliation
		4.3 Reconciliation as a Discomforting Encounter
		4.4 Procedurality of Reconciliation: Bridging the Dissonance
			4.4.1 Reconciliation as an Internal Harmonization
			4.4.2 Reconciliation and Institutions
		4.5 Reconciliation and Memory
			4.5.1 A Need for a Historical Commission
		4.6 Time of Reconciliation
		4.7 Obstacles to Reconciliation
			4.7.1 Group Loyalty as an Obstacle to Reconciliation
		4.8 Reconciliation: Interim Conclusion
	Chapter 5: Theoretical Perspectives on Reconciliation
		5.1 History of Use and the Religious Origins of the Term
		5.2 Resistance to Reconciliation: From Reconciliation with Something to Reconciliation with Someone
		5.3 Reconciliation and Memory
		5.4 Degree Zero of Reconciliation or Reconciliation in the Worst-Case Scenario
		5.5 Degree Zero of Reconciliation in Contrast to Perennial Enmity
	Chapter 6: Concluding Remarks on Reconciliation
Part III: Memory
	1.1 Part III: An Overview
	Chapter 7: Field-Research Findings: Even if I Hate, I Live!
		7.1 From Individual to Collective Suffering
		7.2 The Past Was Real: Reconstructing the Past from Scraps
			7.2.1 Phantom Memories
			7.2.2 Memory as an Authority, Memory as a Myth
		7.3 Purposes of Memory: Carrying Scars
			7.3.1 Memory as Moral Capital
			7.3.2 Memory as a Lesson
				7.3.2.1 The Snake that Bites Twice: Memory as a Protection
		7.4 Memory as Pathology
			7.4.1 Collective Memories as Hysterias
			7.4.2 Memory and War Propaganda
		7.5 Religion and the Collective Memory of Suffering
			7.5.1 Universal Suffering in a Particular Way
			7.5.2 Martyrs of Communal Suffering
		7.6 Decontamination of Memory
			7.6.1 Decontamination of Memory as Knowledge and Catharsis
			7.6.2 Decontamination of Memory as a Community and as Compassion
			7.6.3 Decontamination of Memory as a Prayer
			7.6.4 Liturgical Memory
		7.7 Interim Conclusion: Archeology and Genealogy of Memory
	Chapter 8: Theoretical Perspectives on Memory
		8.1 Past Returns in Disguise: Memories of Old Battles in New Wars
		8.2 Memory of Conflicts on the International Level
		8.3 Prevalence of Suffering in Collective Memories
			8.3.1 Memory as a Restoration and an Education
			8.3.2 Suffering Unites—Memories of Conflict and Social Identity
			8.3.3 Memory as Symbolic and Performative Justice
		8.4 Challenges of Memory
			8.4.1 Memory Through Silence
			8.4.2 The Heavy Weight of the Past
		8.5 Toward a Religiously Inspired Paradigm of Responsible Remembering: Ecumene of Compassion
	Chapter 9: Concluding Remarks on Memory
Part IV: Peacebuilding Roles of Religious Leaders
	1.1 Part IV: An Overview
	Chapter 10: Field-Research Findings—Religious Leaders as “Divided Bridges”
		10.1 Before the Conflict: Preventive Role of Religious Leaders
		10.2 During the Conflict: The Time of Confusion
			10.2.1 The Fall of Communism: Dreams Come Cruel
			10.2.2 Religious War
			10.2.3 Getting Attention, Losing Control
			10.2.4 Unconvincing Peace-Talk During War
			10.2.5 Fear for Survival
			10.2.6 Betrayers
			10.2.7 Both Close and Opposed
			10.2.8 Mass Psychology and Peer Pressure
			10.2.9 Pastoral Concerns
			10.2.10 Battles Over Interpretation
				10.2.10.1 Religion in War, War in Religion
				10.2.10.2 Hippies and Warriors
			10.2.11 Putting the Pieces Together: The Peacebuilding Role of Religious Leaders During Conflicts
		10.3 After the Conflict
			10.3.1 Bosnian-Herzegovinian Bermuda Triangle
			10.3.2 Second Skin: Challenges of Identity
				10.3.2.1 Religious and National Compatibilities
				10.3.2.2 Identity Under Threat
			10.3.3 Playing Marbles: Peacebuilding by Reconstructing Identities
				10.3.3.1 Stabilizing Identity
				10.3.3.2 Fighting Prejudice
				10.3.3.3 Theological Foundations for the Opening of Closed Identities
					Providential Plurality
					Positive Experience of Plurality
				10.3.3.4 “Natural” Plurality
			10.3.4 Peacebuilding by Reconstructing the Theological Horizon
				10.3.4.1 From Elected Nations to God’s People, From Clean Lands to Shared Lands
				10.3.4.2 From Power to Authority
				10.3.4.3 Identity Peacebuilding ad extra: Enriching Identity Through Dialogue
					Ordinary Encounters
					Dialogue that Comforts, Dialogue that Scares
					Top-Down and Bottom-Up of Interreligious Dialogue
					Dialogue Without Artificial Sweeteners
				10.3.4.4 Allowing for the Full Expression of Differences
			10.3.5 Peacebuilding by Reconstructing of Life
			10.3.6 Peacebuilding by Coming to Terms With the Past
			10.3.7 Peacebuilding by Engagement with the Issues of Forgiveness and Reconciliation
			10.3.8 Building Peace by Building Hope
		10.4 A Holistic Idea of Peace
			10.4.1 Concentric Circles of Peace
		10.5 Not by Activity Alone
		10.6 Comparative Advantages of Religious Leaders as Peacebuilders
			10.6.1 Advantage of Moral Authority
			10.6.2 Large Degree and Broad Scope of Influence
			10.6.3 Close Engagement with People on a Permanent Basis
		10.7 Interim Conclusion: Religious Leaders as Peacebuilders
			10.7.1 Beginning of Conflicts: Communism in Reverse
			10.7.2 After the Conflicts
			10.7.3 Just Enough
			10.7.4 Measuring the Invisible
	Chapter 11: Theoretical Perspectives on Religion, Conflicts, and Peace
		11.1 Causes: Things that Make the Difference
			11.1.1 Religion as a Source of Change
			11.1.2 Resuscitating Aristotle: Four Causal Factors
		11.2 Formal Causes: Importance of Beliefs and Ideas
			11.2.1 Making Good Bad
			11.2.2 Making Bad Good
		11.3 Material Causes: Religion and Socio-Political Conditions
			11.3.1 Clashing Identities
			11.3.2 Huntington Challenged
			11.3.3 Not all Conflicts Are Created Equal
			11.3.4 Religious Leaders and identity Overlaps
			11.3.5 Moral Authority: Move from the Coercive Power
			11.3.6 Political Engagement Without Politicking: Promotion of Values
			11.3.7 Emotions and Imaginations
			11.3.8 Interreligious Dialogue: Meeting the Other
		11.4 Final Causes: Different Worldview
		11.5 Religion, Conflict, Bosnia and Herzegovina
			11.5.1 Facing the Past with a Mask
			11.5.2 Different Perspectives on Peace and Peacebuilding
			11.5.3 Census Fidei: Nationalism and Beyond
				11.5.3.1 Good, Bad, and Ugly: Many Faces of Nationalism
				11.5.3.2 Extended Nationalism: Going Beyond One’s Native Land
				11.5.3.3 Nationalism as a Collective Body of Dead Individuality
				11.5.3.4 Cosmic Battles in the Courtyard: Religious Nationalism
				11.5.3.5 Divided Loyalties: Christianity and Nationalism
					Nationalism as a Source of Economic and Social Oppression
					Nationalism as a Form of Idolatry
					Nationalism as an Obstacle to Peace
					Universalist Quasi-Solution
		11.6 Contextual Thinking—Irreducible Core of Pain
			11.6.1 The Problem of an Adjective
	Chapter 12: Concluding Remarks on Peacebuilding Roles of Religious Leaders
Part V: Coda—Identity and Komšiluk
	Chapter 13: The Howl of Identity
		13.1 An Intimate Stranger
	Chapter 14: Komšiluk: A View from the Interviews
		14.1 Bloody Beauty
	Chapter 15: Identity and the Risk of Totalization
		15.1 “Ownness” as a Modus Between Destruction and Totalization of Identity
		15.2 The Importance of the Space in-Between
		15.3 Komšiluk as a Middle Ground
	Chapter 16: Concluding Remarks on Identity and Komšiluk
General Conclusion
Appendix
Bibliography
Web Sources
Interviews
Index