Religion and Politics

Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 12
List of Tables......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
SECTION I: The Muslim Civilisation and Modernisation......Page 20
Introduction......Page 22
The Two Muslim Worlds......Page 25
Turbulence in the Muslim Civilisation......Page 29
Modernity and Post-modernity......Page 32
The Western Grip......Page 33
Islamic Fundamentalism......Page 34
Understanding Arab Modernity and Post-modernity......Page 36
Conclusion......Page 38
Introduction......Page 42
Post-modern Islam......Page 44
The Proto-modern Islam......Page 45
Modernity in Islam......Page 47
Jihad......Page 49
Conclusion......Page 51
Introduction......Page 52
One Monograph Lacking......Page 53
Concepts of the Occident......Page 54
Rationality and Capitalism......Page 55
The Debate After......Page 59
Muslim Traditionalism......Page 61
Muslim Civilisation and the Oriental Path......Page 63
Weber’s Typology......Page 65
Conclusion......Page 67
SECTION II: Islam as a World Religion......Page 68
Introduction......Page 70
Prophecy......Page 72
A Monotheist Religion......Page 74
A Religion of Warriors......Page 75
Conclusion......Page 77
Introduction......Page 80
The Roads to Salvation in Islam......Page 81
Islamic Predestination......Page 83
Islamic Predetermination......Page 84
Islamic Fatalism, Asceticism and Salvation......Page 86
Conclusion......Page 88
SECTION III: The Muslim Legacy......Page 90
From Patriarchalism to Charismatic Rule......Page 92
From Charisma to Patrimonialism......Page 95
The Sects......Page 98
Sultanismus......Page 100
The Fatimid Caliphate......Page 102
Patrimonial Administration......Page 103
Caesaro-papism......Page 104
Mosque and Sect......Page 106
Caesaro-papism and the Economy......Page 108
Conclusion......Page 109
Evolution of Law......Page 110
Islamic Law and the Four Kinds of Law......Page 112
Sources of Law in Arabia......Page 114
The Four Schools (Figh)......Page 115
Casuistry......Page 116
Waqf......Page 118
Why Did the Mid-East Fall Behind in Trade?......Page 121
The Puzzle of Islamic Law......Page 123
Conclusion......Page 126
Capitalism and Islam......Page 128
Islam Ignores the Bourgeoisie......Page 130
The Islamic City: A Patrician City......Page 131
The City and the Bourgeoisie......Page 134
Economic Rationality and Salvation......Page 135
Modern Capitalism and Protestantism......Page 137
Modern Capitalism......Page 140
Conclusion......Page 143
SECTION IV: Paths of Muslim Modernisation......Page 144
Introduction......Page 146
Economic Modernisation......Page 147
The Modernisation Policies......Page 149
Islamic Renaissance......Page 153
Modernisation from Above......Page 155
Modernisation and Colonisation......Page 156
Modernisation and Democracy......Page 157
The Rentier State......Page 158
Civil Society in Muslim Countries......Page 160
Conclusion......Page 162
A Triple Impossibility......Page 164
Neither Lay nor Religious......Page 166
State and Religion......Page 168
Coexistence Between Religion and Politics......Page 170
Conclusion......Page 172
Four Types of Jihad and Three Kinds of Fundamentalism......Page 174
Al-Qaeda......Page 177
Conclusion......Page 180
SECTION V: The Problems of Muslim Civilisation Modernisation......Page 184
Why Authoritarianism in Arab Countries?......Page 186
Islam and Ancient Democracy......Page 189
Islamic Constitutionalism: Consultation......Page 190
Conclusion......Page 193
The Caliph as the Classical Model of Politics......Page 196
The Umma as the Model of the Community......Page 197
The Succession Problem......Page 203
Political Tolerance and Multi-culturalism: Bumiputras and the Millet System......Page 204
Political Power in Islamic Fundamentalism: Arab Traditionalism and Political Power......Page 207
Conclusion: Accepting and Endorsing Diversity......Page 208
SECTION VI: State and Religion in the Maghreb......Page 210
A Genuine Theoretical Distinction......Page 212
Democratisation, Modernisation and Modernity......Page 213
Algeria: Rentier State in Armed Hands......Page 219
Libya: Irrational Rentier State under International Pressures......Page 223
Morocco: Neo-patrimonial Monarchy......Page 230
Mauritania: Ethno-tribal Fragmentation......Page 234
Tunisia: Economic Liberalisation in Authoritarian Regime......Page 237
Conclusion......Page 241
Introduction......Page 244
The FIS......Page 245
Early Success of the FIS......Page 248
Repression of the FIS......Page 256
Explaining the Failure of Political Islam......Page 258
Conclusion......Page 263
Epilogue......Page 264
External Intervention......Page 266
Internal Divisions......Page 269
Islam and Politics: Three Problems......Page 272
Colonialism and its Legacy......Page 274
Fundamentalism: Fitna and Jihad......Page 275
Fundamentalism in India: The Deobandi School......Page 277
Modern Fundamentalism in Egypt......Page 279
Conclusion......Page 291
The Inevitable Islamic Variable......Page 294
Thick and Thin Sharia......Page 296
Democracy: Procedure or Values?......Page 300
Are Women Equal to Men?......Page 302
Three Remaining Divisions, One Citizenship......Page 304
The Nearer and Further Enemy......Page 306
West vs Islam......Page 308
Conclusion: Clarifying the Uncertainty......Page 309
Appendix 1.1: Muslim Populations in per cent of Total Populations during the Twentieth Century......Page 312
Appendix 1.2: Muslim Populations < 10%......Page 314
Bibliography......Page 316
Index......Page 348