Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia, Volume 8)

Book Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Illustrations......Page 6
Preface and acknowledgements......Page 7
Introduction......Page 8
Aims and methods......Page 11
Concepts and definitions......Page 15
What is unique about modern nationality?......Page 16
Modernization theories of nationalism......Page 19
Critique of modernization theories......Page 22
Pax Britannica 1857–1947: the proliferation of socio-religious reform movements......Page 26
The anti-colonial nationalist movement and the struggle for India’s independence......Page 30
Conclusion......Page 35
2 The contradictory unity of the Indian state......Page 37
Who are the religious minorities in India?......Page 38
Religion and culture in India......Page 39
The concept of time......Page 41
Karma......Page 43
Belief in rebirth or reincarnation......Page 44
The concept of truth......Page 45
The anti-colonial nationalist movement and the struggle for India’s independence......Page 46
The question of Hindu tolerance?......Page 47
The nature of political representation......Page 49
The resurgence of religious nationalism in contemporary India......Page 51
Religious functionaries ionaries in politics......Page 54
Forms of ritual communication......Page 55
The organizational decline of the Congress party......Page 56
The state as an arbitrator of ethnic conflict: the strength of the state to respond impartially......Page 57
A new challenge to secular nationalism?......Page 58
Religious nationalism as a strategy for change or a form of protest?......Page 60
Conclusion......Page 62
The period of the Sikh gurus (1469–1708)......Page 63
The political triumph of the Sikh movement: the post-guru period until the British annexation of Punjab (1708–1849)......Page 70
Socio-religious reform movements and the growth of communal consciousness in British Punjab: the colonial period (1849–1947)......Page 72
The missionaries, the print media and the creation of new spheres......Page 73
The Arya Samaj movement......Page 75
The Singh Sabha movement (1870–1919)......Page 78
The ideological issues......Page 80
The struggle over reconstitution of sacred space......Page 83
Changes in the larger political arena......Page 85
New leaders and new arenas: recasting social identities......Page 91
Print communication and the creation of a new public sphere......Page 92
The development of standardized vernacular languages of state......Page 93
Conclusion......Page 97
The demand for a ‘Punjabi suba’, or a Punjabi-speaking state, in independent India (1950–66)......Page 99
The Anandpur Sahib resolution......Page 108
Operation Bluestar and Operation Woodrose......Page 114
State violence and the rise and fall of armed resistance......Page 119
Sikhs in England......Page 123
Sikh emigration to Canada and the United States......Page 125
The Ghadr uprising......Page 126
From Ghadr to Khalistan......Page 128
Conclusion......Page 130
5 The agrarian crisis and the rise of armed resistance......Page 132
What is green revolution?......Page 133
Is the green revolution a ‘scale neutral’ or ‘resource neutral’ technology?......Page 134
The green revolution in Punjab......Page 135
PATTERN OF LAND HOLDINGS......Page 138
FARM SIZE AND PROFITABILITY......Page 140
Agrarian change and local labour......Page 142
How far has the green revolution as part of the foregoing process contributed to rural proletarianization?......Page 144
OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS......Page 145
MACRODETERMINANTS OF OUT-MIGRATION FROM THE STATE......Page 146
Profile of the Sikh activists—children of the green revolution?......Page 147
Peasant insurrection and the rise of armed resistance......Page 148
The pattern of modernization......Page 149
Agricultural innovation and external dependence......Page 151
6 Transformation in social communication and religious controversy......Page 156
Mass literacy......Page 157
History of the press in Punjab......Page 158
Circulation figures......Page 159
The Hind Samachar group......Page 160
The Ajit group......Page 161
The Tribune group......Page 162
Readership profile of newspapers published in Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh......Page 164
The Tribune......Page 168
Ajit......Page 170
The Tribune......Page 172
Ajit......Page 173
Response to Lala Jagat Narain’s assassination......Page 174
The rise of Bhi ndranwale as a cult figure......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 178
Conclusion......Page 180
Notes......Page 184
Bibliography......Page 198
Index......Page 206